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1

The association between Pakistan and the European Union, with a particular focus on trade

Parvez Ammar, Amjad Ayesha, Zubair Ahmad, Ahmed I. Albarrak

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2024

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z. 194

387--416

EN

Purpose: This paper aims to investigate the bilateral relations between Pakistan and the European Union, with a specific emphasis on trade dynamics. The primary purpose is to explore the factors influencing trade between these two entities, delving into historical perspectives, contemporary developments, and future milestones set by the European Union and Commission. Design/methodology/approach: The objectives are achieved through a comprehensive analysis of trade data, policy documents, and relevant literature. The research employs a multifaceted approach, encompassing both theoretical and empirical considerations. The theoretical scope extends from the historical Silk Road to the contemporary geopolitical landscape, while the empirical analysis involves a PEST analysis and examination of internal and external factors influencing trade. Findings: The research reveals significant insights into the factors shaping trade relations between Pakistan and the European Union. These findings are presented through a thorough analysis, discussion, and interpretation of results, providing a comprehensive understanding of the bilateral trade dynamics. Research limitations/implications: While offering valuable insights, this study recognizes potential limitations, such as data constraints and geopolitical factors. Suggestions for future research are provided, focusing on areas that could further enhance the understanding of the relationship and trade dynamics. Practical implications: The paper identifies outcomes and practical implications for businesses and enterprises engaged in trade between Pakistan and the European Union. Recommendations for changes in business practices are discussed, considering the potential commercial and economic impact of the findings. Social implications: The study assesses the social impact of the Pakistan-European Union trade relationship, exploring how it influences public attitudes, corporate social responsibility, and environmental considerations. The research may inform public and industry policies, potentially affecting the overall quality of life. Originality/value: This paper contributes novelty by offering new insights into the dynamics of the Pakistan-European Union relationship, specifically in the context of trade. Its value lies in its relevance to policymakers, businesses, and researchers interested in understanding and enhancing this bilateral association

2

Impact of information technology resources on environmental performance: mediating role of internal green supply chain integration

Hashmi Syed Danial, Naz Iram, Waqas Muhammad Atif, Sahar Najam us

LogForum

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2023

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Vol. 19, no. 2

211--223

EN

Background: Information technology (IT) resources can play an important role in helping firms overcome the environmental issues they face by facilitating green supply chain management. This study examines the relationship between IT resources, specifically IT infrastructure resources, IT human resources and IT relationship resources, and the environmental performance of textile firms. Further, the study examines the mediating role of green supply chain integration on this relationship. Methods: The study collected data from 512 executives working in the textile sector in the Punjab province of Pakistan, where green supply chain integration is being practiced. Smart PLS has been used for estimation results. Results: The results of the study show that IT resources in the form of IT infrastructure resources, IT human resources and IT relationship resources have a significant association with the environmental performance of firms. Likewise, structural equation modeling (SEM) confirms that green supply chain integration mediates this relationship. Conclusions: The results of the study demonstrate that the improvement of IT resources can help companies achieve their environmental performance targets. Likewise, the results also suggest that companies should work on achieving green supply chain integration as it can improve their environmental performance.

3

Historia mostów w Pakistanie

Ghani Muhammad Usman, Hamza Muhammad, Ullah Rahat, Toqueer Muhammad, Basheer Danish, Abbass Muhammad Jamshed

Inżynieria i Budownictwo

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2023

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R. 79, nr 7-8

339--345

PL

Mosty odgrywają bardzo istotną rolę w gospodarce kraju, ponieważ ułatwiają transport towarów i pasażerów przez trudne do przebycia tereny. Poza tym dają ogólny obraz zaawansowania technologicznego w sektorze budownictwa lądowego w kraju. Wraz z postępem technologii inżynierii lądowej, kilka materiałów i technologii znalazło zastosowanie do budowy mostów, przy czym cegły, beton i stal były wykorzystywane zgodnie z potrzebami, a różne konfiguracje konstrukcyjne są stosowane w razie potrzeby. Te konfiguracje mogą obejmować mosty płytowe, belkowe, łukowe, kratownicowe, wiszące i wantowe. Ważne jest, aby zwracać uwagę na znaczące mosty w danym kraju i zbierać dostępne dane statystyczne oraz historyczne w spójny sposób. Może się to przydać przyszłym autorom i badaczom w celu łatwego poruszania się po tych danych i wykorzystywania do dalszych badań, ponieważ są one łatwo dostępne w spójny sposób na jednej platformie. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu zapewnienie takiej platformy poprzez zestawienie najważniejszych mostów rozwijającej się gospodarki Pakistanu. Przedstawiono kilka mostów w Pakistanie, ich historię, specyfikacje techniczne i znaczenie historyczne. Mosty pokazano w porządku chronologicznym, aby zapewnić jasną i zrozumiałą narrację. Zaobserwowano, że Pakistan ma kilka mostów niezwykłych pod względem statystycznym i historycznym, dzięki rozwojowi sektora inżynierii lądowej w czasie zarówno przed uzyskaniem niepodległości, jak i po jej odzyskaniu w 1947 roku.

EN

Bridges play a very important role in the country's economy, as they allow easy transport of goods and passengers through difficult-to-travel areas. They also give a general picture of technological advancement in the land construction sector in the country. With the advancement of civil engineering technology, several materials and technologies have found their way into bridge construction, where bricks, concrete, and steel have been used and different structural configurations are used as needed. These configurations include slab, beam, arch, truss, suspension and cable-stayed bridges. It is important to pay attention to significant bridges in a country and consistently collect available statistical and historical data. This can be useful for future authors and researchers to easily navigate this data and use it for further research, as it is easily accessible consistently on one platform. This paper aims to provide such a platform by listing the most important bridges to Pakistan's growing economy. Several bridges in Pakistan are presented, their history, technical specifications and historical significance. The bridges are shown in chronological order to provide a clear and understandable narrative. Pakistan has been observed to have some remarkable bridges statistically and historically due to the development of the civil engineering sector during pre-independence and post-independence in 1947.

4

Geological history of the NW Indian Plate Tethyan passive margin in the Salt Range, Pakistan

Iqbal Shahid

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2023

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nr 1-2 (72-73)

29--29

EN

The generally east-west trending Salt Range, located in northern Pakistan, is a part of the foreland zone of the Himalayan Fold and Thrust Belt (HFTB). The 5,000–1,000 m thick Precambrian to Pleistocene sedimentary archives of the Salt Range provide an excellent opportunity for the reconstruction of sedimentation style, palaeoclimatic conditions, and tectonic history of the northwestern margin of the Indian Plate. The Precambrian evaporites of the Salt Range Formation are the oldest rocks in the area and represent the westward extension of the Precambrian evaporitic belt that includes the Hormuz Salt Basin (Iran) and Ara Salt (Arabian Plate). A highly weathered igneous body “Khewrite” occurs in the upper part of the formation and can be correlated with the volcanic record during the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition in the Arabian Plate. The clastic-dominated Lower Cambrian succession in the area is directly overlain by the Permian Tobra Formation and with a gentle angular unconformity. The poorly sorted conglomerates of the Tobra Formation indicate deposition during the Permo-Carboniferous glaciation and the irregular distribution of the Tobra and Dandot formations in the area supports their deposition during the syn-rifting phase of the Neo-Tethys opening. The overlying Upper Permian and Mesozoic strata indicate deposition on the northwestern passive margin of the Indian Plate facing the southern margin of the Neo-Tethys. This represents the drift sequence with multiple phases of passive margin rejuvenation during the Mesozoic. The drift sequence is unconformably overlain by the Paleocene Hangu Formation. Karst bauxites mark this contact and hint at exhumation and exposure in the distal part of the underthrusting plate margin. The Hangu Formation grades upward through the Lockhart Limestone into black shales of the Patala Formation supporting deepening and the possible establishment of a trench setting in the area. The presence of thick evaporites of the Bahadar Khel Salt and Jatta Gypsum in the western part of the area (Kohat Plateau) indicates a restricted lagoonal setting during the closure of the Neo-Tethys during the Eocene. The absence of the Oligocene strata hints at the uplift and exhumation of the area during the Himalayan Orogeny. The Neogene strata of the area consist of fluvial-continental detritus and represent molasse sedimentation. Thermal history modelling based on Apatite Fission Tract (AFT) data indicates three major cooling (uplift) episodes separated by two burial phases in the area. The first cooling event (ca. 520 Ma) coincides with the emplacement of the Mansehra Granite just north of the area (ca. 516 Ma) and supports exhumation correlatable with the Pan-African Orogeny. This was followed by the first burial phase (ca. 500–370 Ma) that supports Late Cambrian–Devonian sedimentation in the area. The second cooling event (ca. 300–280 Ma) coincides with the initial rifting and exhumation associated with the Neo-Tethys opening. Therefore, it appears that the Late Cambrian–Devonian strata were deposited in the Salt Range but were subsequently eroded during the exhumation induced by the Neo-Tethys opening during Permo-Carboniferous. This was followed by Neo-Tethyan passive margin deposition throughout the Mesozoic. An additional cooling episode is observable at around ca. 60 Ma and is supported by the presence of karst bauxites at the base of the Hangu Formation. Provenance analysis of the Paleocene strata suggests that detritus for the Hangu Formation was supplied from the south (Indian Plate). The overlying Patala Formation indicates the onset of sediment supply from the north and hence the uplift of the Himalayan Orogen. The overlying Kuldana Formation supports detritus supply only from the north verifying the Neo-Tethys closure by the end of Eocene. Thus the Paleogene strata represent syn-collisional deposition of the Neo-Tethys in the Salt Range. The second burial event (ca. 20–6 Ma) occurred during the Neogene in response to molasse sedimentation in the foreland of the uplifting Himalayan Orogen that was followed by the final cooling and uplift event (ca. 4 Ma) along the Salt Range Thrust. Thus the stratigraphic successions of the Salt Range provide key information regarding the reconstruction of the northwestern Neo-Tethyan margin of the Indian Plate which can help in the understanding of Neo-Tethyan tectonics in regional and global context.

5

Geochemistry of the Triassic–Jurassic lateritic bauxites of the Salt Range: implications for eastward extension of the Tethyan bauxite deposits into Pakistan

Iqbal Shahid, Bibi Mehwish, Wagreich Michael

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2023

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nr 1-2 (72-73)

30--30

EN

Bauxite deposits are residuals of intense lateritic weathering under warm and humid palaeoclimates. The Triassic– Jurassic Boundary (TJB) interval in the Salt Range, Pakistan, provides one such case of bauxite deposits formation along the SW tropical Neo-Tethyan passive margin. Thick, red bauxites/bauxitic clays occur at the contact of the Upper Triassic Kingriali Formation and the Lower Jurassic Datta Formation. These bauxites are rich in kaolinite, haematite, boehmite (Al2O3 and Fe2O3), and are depleted in silica (SiO2). Geochemical proxies of the succession signal intense chemical weathering of the parent siliciclastics under Mesozoic “greenhouse” conditions. Certain trace elements and Rare Earth Elements (REEs) are enriched up to seven times compared to mean Upper Continental Crust (UCC) values. These bauxites are synchronous with the Amir-Abad bauxites of the Alborz Mountains, central Iranian Plateau, that occur between the thick Triassic dolomite/dolomitic limestones of the Elika Formation and the Lower Jurassic Shemshak Formation. Thus, the Salt Range, Pakistan, provides evidence for the eastward extension of the Irano-Himalayan bauxites that are extended westward into Mediterranean bauxites, and the western Tethys by correlation with European bauxites. The TJB bauxites in the Salt Range support increased chemical weathering on the SW Neo-Tethyan passive margin and correspond to an associated sea-level fall during this time interval. This supports the Neo-Tethyan tectonics contribution in the formation of bauxite deposits during the Triassic–Jurassic in addition to the widely studied karst-bauxites that formed in response to the subduction and orogenic processes in the Paleo-Tethys.

6

Integration of seismic and well data for a 3D model of the Balkassar anticline (Potwar sub-basin, Pakistan)

Mudasir Muhammad, Wysocka Anna, Naseem Shazia

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2023

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Vol. 49, no. 2

123--137

EN

The Potwar sub-basin is an important hydrocarbon producing zone of the Upper Indus basin and has significant oil and gas potential. The Balkassar area is the main oil field of the Potwar sub-basin and oil is mainly produced from Eocene carbonates. The Chorgali Formation is of Eocene age and is the main reservoir rock in this area. Structurally, the Potwar sub-basin is complicated, and surface features often do not reflect subsurface structures. This is due to the presence of detachments at different levels. In such cases, it is necessary to integrate seismic data with geological information for an accurate delineation of subsurface structures. Eleven seismic profiles were interpreted to understand subsurface structural style. To correlate well data with seismic data, a synthetic seismogram has been generated. Time, velocity and depth contour maps have been prepared. A 3D model for the Chorgali Formation has been prepared which confirms that this is a four-way anticlinal structure bounded by faults. It makes this structure more favorable for hydrocarbon accumulation. Moreover, a cross section has been prepared for five wells to show that the Chorgali Formation is spreading. Based on it, to show the relationship between compressional tectonics and basement slope, a 3D structural model has been prepared. In this case study, the Balkassar anticline was interpreted as a four-way closure pop-up structure which provides a structural trap for the accumulation of hydrocarbons. This study will help us understand the accumulation of hydrocarbons in the same type of structural traps in the Potwar sub-basin and in similar kinds of basins. It is also relevant to oil exploration within Pakistan.

7

Adsorbent filters for removing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the atmosphere

Khan Abdul Muqeet, Imran Muhammad, Hashmi Abu Saeed, Shehzad Wasim, Abbas Mateen

Environment Protection Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 49, nr 2

19--27

EN

Indoor activities involving cooking and warming, outdoor sources, smoking, and candle and in-cense burning may introduce a massive portion of polycyclic fragrant hydrocarbons. These are well known for their mutagenicity and carcinogenicity and are omnipresent in urban situations as a result of the combustion of fuel. Due to small particle size, penetration has been suspected to be one major source of indoor polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In the current study, the manufacturing of three types of filters (electrostatic charge-based, pomegranate peel biochar-based, and birds’ feathers-based) was carried out. Their efficiency was tested to remove molecules bounded PAHs and also other geno-toxic compounds associated with these particles. The electrostatic filter was more efficient (27.42%) than pomegranate peel-based and birds’ feathers-based filters (13.86% and 8.32%, respectively). The carcinogenetic effects of PAHs emitted from outdoor and indoor pollutants can be reduced using these kinds of filters.

8

An evaluation of anti-terrorism laws in Pakistan: Lessons from the past and challenges for the future

Jawad Ayesha

Security and Defence Quarterly

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2022

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Vol. 38, No. 2

16--30

EN

Terrorism has changed the national and international security milieu over the last few years; however, there have been metamorphoses in the phenomenon of defining security in light of new threats of terrorism. This research critically evaluates the anti-terrorism legal regime of Pakistan along with its structural flaws. While vigorous efforts to defeat terrorism have taken place in Pakistan, much needs to be done to achieve de-radicalisation along with identifying and addressing areas of vulnerability. This research moves in three directions: firstly, it looks into the background of extremism in terms of ethnic and sectarian conflicts that led Pakistan to embark on the journey to combat terrorism; secondly, it evaluates how these laws aimed exclusively at countering terrorism have not been as effective as hoped; and thirdly, it offers an in-depth analysis of flaws in the judicial system and analysis of capacity gaps in relation to prosecution of terrorist offences in Pakistan. Lastly, this research makes recommendations for eliminating the causes of institutional and legal inefficiencies that feed and nurture terrorism in Pakistan. The qualitative method is used in this research, which holds that Pakistan needs to make effective structural changes to implement counterterrorism strategies constructively, such as, capacity-building of judiciary and law enforcement agencies, acceptance of innovation in investigation methods, amendments in procedural laws and comprehensive, unambiguous and detailed legislation. Amendments to existing anti-terrorism laws need to be adapted to the changing security trends in the region. In order to combat the high rate of acquittal under these laws, a strong and focused approach is required.

9

Application of non parametric innovative trend analysis of different time scale precipitation during (1951-2016) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Gul Sajid, Ren Jingli

Acta Geophysica

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2022

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Vol. 70, no 1

485--503

EN

Reliable information on the frequency and duration of excessive precipitation in foods, droughts, earthquakes, coastal foods, and hill torrents is critical to natural disaster planning and disaster risk reduction strategies. The current study examined precipitation on a monthly, seasonal, and annual scale at varying amplitudes. Moreover, the Mann–Kendall and Sen Innovative trend analysis (ITA) approaches are used to examine precipitation variations. This study aims to evaluate the Mann–Kendall and Sen Innovative Trend Analysis techniques to understand better how they apply to the topic under consideration. Overall, 84.16% of testing months showed trendless precipitation based on the MK trend test. Comparatively, the ITA monthly analysis showed statistically significant variation in 80% months and 88% considerable rate in seasonal perspective over the entire study regions. The research recognized that the Sen Innovative trend test outperforms the Mann–Kendall analysis in a range of circumstances. First of all, Sen Approach has simple assumptions, and the study of skewed distributions with fewer data could apply. Another benefit of using the ITA was that all data sets could be viewed on a graph, making it easier to see pat terns and interpret the trends. Thus, the research recommends that the Sen Trend Method (ITA) analyze monthly, seasonal, and annual precipitation patterns to facilitate water resource scheduling and establish natural disaster strategies in the future.

10

Energy Sector of Pakistan – A Review

Hassan Rana Muneeb, Bień Andrzej, Barczentewicz Szymon, Sarhan Mohammad Abu

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2021

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R. 97, nr 10

33--37

EN

Any country’s socio-economic growth is interlinked with number of factors, some of more significance with devastating impact whereas the others with very less impact. Amongst all such factors, energy is one of the major player in economic growth of a country, now a days as the energy sector drives the engine of progress, growth, and development in industrial, agricultural, and defense sectors, adding the impact to domestic consumers. The purpose of the study is to discuss the Pakistan’s current energy crisis which is getting worse and worse by everyday passing. Mainly the official data, along with the research work of scholars, international data and some raw data, all are collectively used to understand and convey a clear picture. This study would lay a basis for future studies which will uncover the solution to take the energy sector of Pakistan out of energy crisis.

PL

Na rozwój socjoekonomiczny kraju wpływa, w róznym stopinu, wiele czynników. Pośród nich jednym z najważniejszych jest energia. ˙ Dostępność energii wpływa na przemysł, rolnictwo, sektor obronny oraz życie codzienne mieszkańców kraju. W niniejszym artykule opisano kryzys energetyczny w Pakistanie. Na podstawie danych oficjalnych i przeglądu literaturowego oceniono stan energetyki w Pakistanie. W pracy zaproponowano tez możliwe drogę rozwoju sektora energetycznego Pakistanu

11

Effect of water quality on the spatial distribution of charophytes in the Peshawar Valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Khuram Izaz, Ahmad Nadeem, Barinova Sophia

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2021

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Vol. 50, No. 4

359--372

EN

The presented research was conducted in 2018–2019 in the Peshawar Valley, Pakistan, to study for the first time the effect of water quality on the spatial distribution of charophytes. A total of six taxa of charophytes were found at 41 sites in the Peshawar Valley along the banks of seven rivers, 16 streams and two wetlands: Chara braunii C.C.Gmelin, C. connivens Salzmann ex A.Braun, C. contraria A.Braun ex Kützing, C. globularis Thuiller, C. vulgaris Linnaeus, and Nitellopsis obtusa (Desvaux) J.Groves. Chara vulgaris was the most abundant species, followed by C. globularis, and C. contraria. Water pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity and dissolved oxygen (DO) were within the permissible limits for Pakistan, while water temperature, oxidation reduction potential (ORP) and resistivity showed deviations. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) revealed that DO affected Chara vulgaris, pH and resistivity affected C. braunii, C. connivens and C. globularis, temperature and ORP affected C. contraria and Nitellopsis obtusa. Furthermore, CCA showed that TDS, EC, and salinity had no effect on the spatial distribution of Chara contraria, C. vulgaris and Nitellopsis obtusa. Chara contraria and Nitellopsis obtusa should be protected under VU (Vulnerable) status (IUCN) along with their habitats.

12

Impact of reverse logistics barriers on sustainable firm performance via reverse logistics practices

Waqas Muhammad, Honggang Xue, Khan Syed Abdul Rehman, Ahmad Naveed, Ullah Zia, Iqbal Muzaffar

LogForum

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2021

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Vol. 17, no. 2

213--230

EN

Background: Due to the industrial revolution, extensive production, more raw materials are consumed, which are enough for landfills and disturbing environmental integrity. RL is an established concept in developed countries in comparison to developing countries. RL implementation is in its infancy due to some barriers. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the RL barriers through literature review and to check their effect on the adoption of RL practices and to explain either they influence the firm performance or not. Method: Data were collected from the employees of manufacturing companies and relevant government institutes and later were analyzed by using the structural equation modelling technique. A novel structural model connecting all study variables was developed to verify the impact of RL barriers on sustainable firm performance. Results: Study results show that Infrastructure & technology, Financial & economic, Knowledge & experience-based barriers are critical and negatively affect the adoption of RL practices. The adoption of RL practices has a positive effect on the company’s economic and environmental performance both. Further, the mediating role of adoption of RL practices between RL barriers and firm performance was also found. Conclusion: The results of this research help to extend literature presenting that the ecological modernization and new environmental laws and regulation should be integrated with enterprises to mitigate infrastructure & technology, financial & economic and knowledge & experience related barriers by conducting proper training programs and promoting sustainability among company’s top managemenT.

PL

Wstęp: Wskutek wzrastającego rozwoju przemysłowego i intensyfikacji produkcji, zużywa się coraz więcej surowców, co z kolei wpływa na stan środowiska. Logistyki zwrotna (RL) to koncepcja dobrze rozwinięta w krajach rozwiniętych w stosunku do krajów rozwijających się. Wdrożenie logistyki zwrotnej jest w swojej początkowej fazie ze względu na wiele czynników ograniczających i utrudniających jej wprowadzenie. Celem pracy jest identyfikacji barier wpływających na logistykę zwrotną poprzez przegląd literatury oraz sprawdzenie wpływu tych czynników na wdrażanie praktyk logistyki zwrotnej jak również sprawdzenie czy mają one wpływ na działalność przedsiębiorstwa czy nie. Metody: Dane do badania zostały zebrane od pracowników przedsiębiorstw produkcyjnych oraz odpowiednich instytucji rządowych i poddane analizie przy zastosowaniu metody modelowania równania strukturalnego. Nowatorski model strukturalny uwzględnia w sobie wszystkie analizowane zmienne w celu oceny wpływu barier logistyki zwrotnej na rozwój zrównoważony przedsiębiorstwa. Wyniki: Badanie wykazuje, że czynniki: Infrastruktura i technologia, Finanse i ekonomia, Wiedza i doświadczenie, są czynnikami krytycznymi i mają negatywny wpływ na zaadoptowaniepraktyk logistyki zwrotnej. Wdrożenie praktyk logistyki zwrotnej ma pozytywny efekt na działalność ekonomiczną i środowiskową przedsiębiorstwa. Wnioski: Osiągnięte rezultaty pozwalają na poszerzenie dostępnej literatury, pokazując, że modernizacja ekologiczna oraz nowe prawodawstwa związane z ochroną środowiska powinno być zintegrowane w przedsiębiorstwie w celu zniwelowania barier związanych z czynnikami z grup Infrastruktura i technologia, Finanse i ekonomia, Wiedza i doświadczenie poprzez odpowiednio szkolenia oraz przez promowanie rozwoju zrównoważonego wśród szczebla najwyższego kierownictwa przedsiębiorstw.

13

Mapping food extend and its impact on land use/land cover and settlements variations: a case study of Layyah District, Punjab, Pakistan

Soomro Shan-e-hyder, Hu Caihong, Boota Muhammad Waseem, Soomro Mairaj Hyder Alias Aamir, Jian Shengqi, Zafar Zeeshan, Li Xiaoping

Acta Geophysica

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2021

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Vol. 69, no. 6

2291--2304

EN

Floods are the most frequent and most distractive natural disaster around the globe. Pakistan is facing frequent flooding since 1929 and foods in the Indus river basin cost more than 7000 lives and caused mighty changes in land use and land covers (LULC) since 1947. District Layyah hit by food on August 1, 2010. Landsat ETM+ with 30 m spatial resolution was utilized to investigate the LULC changes in district Layyah for the 2010 food. It was revealed water area increased 8.05% from July 3 (379.13 km2 ) to August 20 (656.02 km2 ) in district Layyah. Vegetation cover increased from 1149.62 km2 on July 3 to 1842.23 km2 on August 20 in district Layyah and showed a 20.13% increment. Barren/built-up area showed a decrement of 28.18% from 1911.72 km2 in pre-food analysis to 941.90 km2 in the post-food analysis. Total 15 union councils (UC) of district Layyah were affected by food from which 10 lies in tehsil Layyah and 5 belongs to tehsil Karor Lal Esan. Flood affects 177 settlements in district Layyah from which 156 belong to tehsil Layyah and 21 were from tehsil Karor Lal Esan. These results suggest that the impacts of the food on LULC need more attention to cope with the challenge of frequent flooding and impacts in Pakistan.

14

The impact of concentrated leverage and ownership on firm performance : a case in Pakistan

Rao Mirriam, Khursheed Ambreen, Mustafa Faisal

LogForum

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2020

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Vol. 16, no. 1

15--31

EN

Background: The objective of this study is to determine the impact of concentrated leverage and ownership (high levels of control and power) on firm performance in the case of Pakistan’s logistics sector separately in the presence and absence of growth options available to the firm. Both leverage and ownership concentration can have a significant influence on firm performance in either a positive or a negative way. Methods: In the data sample of this study, 141 companies in Pakistan listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange were selected with a study window from 2008 to 2018. The selection criteria for our sample study are based on firms with the highest market capitalization. Using a Panel based regression methodology, Generalized Methods of Estimating Equations are applied, which cover for 1st and 2nd order serial correlation and controls for endogeneity and autocorrelation problems. Results: The overall results indicate that the availability and non-availability of growth options to firms are very important factors in analyzing ownership concentration and debt influence on firm performance. This paper takes growth option availability and non-availability as dummy variables and finds that in the presence of growth options, non-linear relations are found between firm performance and ownership concentration and positive significant relations of debt with firm performance. Whereas, in the absence of growth opportunities, inverse parabola relations are depicted of ownership concentration and firm performance, and negative relations between debt and firm performance. Conclusions: Financial leverage represents a two part structure, negative in the presence of growth options and positive in the absence of growth options. The study demonstrates that high levels of power concentrated in the hands of owners leads to a convergence and entrenchment effect depicting non-linear relations with financial performance in both the availability and non-availability of growth options. Furthermore, the study also revealed that the explanatory power of results with a sales rate of growth (as a growth options measurement proxy) is higher than the Price to Earnings Ratio measurement proxy.

PL

Wstęp: Celem pracy jest określenie wpływu struktury własnościowej firmy na efekty jej działalności w obszarze sektora logistycznego w Pakistanie w przypadku opcji możliwości rozwojowych firmy oraz jej braku. Struktura własnościowa ma istotny wpływ zarówno pozytywny jak i negatywny na efekty działalności firmy. Metody: W celu uzyskania danych do analizy, wybrano 141 firm pakistańskich, będących obecnych na giełdzie w Karachi. Dane pochodziły z okresu 2008-2018. Kryterium wyboru tych firm była najwyższa rynkowa kapitalizacja. Dane poddano analizie statystycznej za pomocą metody GEE (generalized estimating equation) stosowanej dla problemów endogeniczności i autokorelacji. Wyniki: Uzyskane wyniki pokazują możliwości i ich brak dla różnych opcji wzrostu firm jako bardzo ważny czynnik wpływu struktury własnościowej oraz zadłużenia na efekty działalności firmy. W przypadku istnienia możliwości rozwoju dla firmy, wykryto zależność pomiędzy efektami działalności firmy and pozytywną istotną zależność pomiędzy zadłużeniem a efektami działalności firmy. W przypadku braku możliwości rozwoju zaobserwowane negatywną zależność pomiędzy strukturą własnościową a efektywnością firmy jak również negatywną zależność pomiędzy zadłużeniem a efektami działalności firmy. Wnioski: Dźwignia finansowa ma dodatni wpływ w przypadku istnienia możliwości rozwoju i negatywny w przypadku jego braku. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że skupienie władzy w małym gronie właścicieli prowadzi do konwergencji i efektu „okopania się” w połączeniu z nieliniową zależnością od wyników finansowym w przypadku zarówno brak jak i występowania możliwości rozwoju firmy.

15

Delineating the influence of boardroom gender diversity on corporate social responsibility, financial performance, and reputation

Ajaz Aiman, Shenbei Zhou, Sarfraz Muddassar

LogForum

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2020

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Vol. 16, no. 1

61--74

EN

Background: The current study reveals the effectiveness of gender diversity in the boardroom and considers its impact on a firm’s corporate social responsibility, financial performance and reputation, which leads towards business sustainability.The study is based on stakeholder theory assumptions which state that female directors play a vital role in board diversification. Methodology: 100 index firms listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange were chosen as a sample size. The firm’s financial performance was measured by using three proxies in order to get robust results. Panel data of 6 years from 2010 to 2015 was applied for data analysis. The data was analyzed by applying the Fixed-Random OLS regression, which revealed that gender diversity in the boardroom has no significant relationship with corporate social responsibility (CSR), financial performance, and the reputation of a firm. Results: Study results revealed that HODI mitigates corporate social responsibility activity. According to the Fixed-Random Regression results, PW has no significant impact on shareholder return. Sales and ROA have a significant positive relationship with SHR. Conclusions: There is a negative relationship between boardroom gender diversity and a firm’s financial performance. Females in boardrooms either cause negative effects or have no impact on the firm’s financial performance. Similarly, there is no significant relationship between the presence of women in boardrooms and a firm’s reputation.

PL

Wstęp: Obecne badania ujawniają efektywność dla firmy wynikającą ze zróżnicowania płciowego członków zarządu oraz na społeczną odpowiedzialność tej firmy, jak również jej wyniki finansowe i reputację, co prowadzi do zrównoważonego rozwoju biznesowego firmy. W pracy poddano analizie wpływ udziału żeńskich członków zarządu na dywersyfikację działań firmy. Metody: Jako próbę losową wybrano 100 firm umieszczonych na liście giełdy pakistańskiej. Wyniki finansowe były mierzone przy pomocy trzech wskaźników w celu uzyskania bardziej dokładnych wyników. Dane do analizy pobrano za okres od roku 2010 do 2015. Uzyskane dane zostały poddane analizie regresji Fixed-Random OLS, która wykazała brak wpływu zróżnicowania płci członków zarządu na społeczną odpowiedzialność (CSR), wyniki finansowe oraz reputację firmy. Wyniki: Uzyskane wyniki pokazują, że HODI łagodzi aktywność związaną ze społeczną odpowiedzialność. Zgodnie z wynikami przeprowadzonej analizy regresji, PW nie ma istotnego wpływu na zyski finansowe udziałowców. Sprzedaż oraz ROA wykazały pozytywną korelację z SHR. Wnioski: Uzyskano negatywną korelację pomiędzy zróżnicowaniem płciowym członków zarządu a wynikami finansowymi firmy. Obecność kobiet w zarządzie albo miała negatywny wpływ albo nie miała wpływu na wyniki finansowe firmy. Podobnie, nie zaobserwowano istotnej zależności pomiędzy obecnością kobiet w zarządzenie a firmą.

16

Ownership concentration impact on firm financial performance

Abdullah Muhammad Ibrahim, Sarfraz Muddassar, Qun Wang, Chaudhary Madiha

LogForum

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2019

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Vol. 15, no. 1

107--118

EN

Background: Purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of ownership concentration on the performance of the firms operating in the financial and logistics sector of Pakistan. Impact of corporate governance practices on performance is under discussion for many years. Ownership structure has a significant effect on the performance of the firms either positively or negatively. Performance of the firms operating under the financial sector becomes more critical due to the reason that a well-functioning financial sector is vital for the economic development of any Country or Nation, in all areas especially in such crucial ones as logistics. The underline empirical study investigated the impact of ownership concentration on the performance of the firms operating in the financial sector of Pakistan, which has a strong influence on other sectors including logistics one. Methods: There are 36 firms those have been considered for data collection process. These firms are listed on Karachi stock exchange (KSE) of Pakistan. Last five years' data from annual reports has been analyzed. Quantitative data descriptive statistics, correlation matrix and regression models are used for data analysis. Results: Ownership concentration has a significant negative impact on ROA, Family-based ownership concentration has a significant negative impact on ROA, and Nonfamily based ownership concentration have a significant positive impact on Tobin's Q and ROA. Findings of this study are consistent with the agency theory. Conclusions: Concentrated ownership can influence firm performance either positively or negatively. Study shows that the agency theory is applicable in the context of Pakistan. The power of decision-making is held by top shareholders in the concentrated ownership structure. Shareholders will make such decisions those are beneficial for them but not for the firm.

PL

Wstęp: Celem pracy była analiza wpływu koncentracji własności na sposób postępowania przedsiębiorstw, działających w sektorze finansowych i logistycznym w Pakistanie. Od wielu lat trwa dyskusji na temat wpływ praktyk sektora państwowego na działania przedsiębiorstw. Struktura własnościowa ma istotny wpływ na sposób postępowania firm, zarówno pozytywny jak i negatywny. Wpływ sposobu postępowania sektora finansowego ma istotne znaczenia dla rozwoju gospodarczego zarówno kraju jak i narodu we wszystkich sektorach, np. w tak istotnym sektorze, jakim jest logistyka. Prezentowana praca przedstawia badania pod wpływem koncentracji typu własności na działanie firm operujących w sektorze finansowych, co przekłada się również na działanie innych sektorów gospodarki, w tym logistycznego. Metody: Badania przeprowadzono na losowej próbce 36 przedsiębiorstw. Przedsiębiorstwa te są zarejestrowane na giełdzie w Karachi, w Pakistanie. Analizie poddano okres ostatnich 5 lat, na podstawie raportów rocznych. Jako narzędzi do obróbki danych zastosowano statystykę opisową, macierz korelacji oraz modele regresji. Wyniki: Koncentracja własności ma istotny negatywny wpływ na ROA, koncentracja własności rodzinnej ma istotny negatywny wpływ na ROA, natomiast koncentracja własności nierodzinnej ma istotny pozytywny wpływ na wskaźnik Tobin's Q i ROA. Otrzymane wyniki są spójne z teorią agencji. Wnioski: Koncentracja własności może wpływać na działanie formy zarówno pozytywnie, jaki i negatywnie. Wyniki badań wskazują, że teoria agencji może być zastosowana w kontekście Pakistanu. W strukturze ze skoncentrowaną własnością, decyzje są podejmowane przez głównym udziałowców. Podejmują oni decyzje korzystne przede wszystkich dla siebie a nie zawsze dla całości firmy.

17

Followership moderation between the relationship of transactional leadership style and employees reactions towards organizational change

Khan S. N., Busari A. H., Abdullah S. M., Mughal Y. H.

Polish Journal of Management Studies

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2018

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Vol. 17, No. 1

131--143

EN

The purpose of the present study is to analyze the relationship between transactional leadership style and factors of employees’ reactions towards organizational change in the telecommunication companies of Pakistan. Furthermore, to understand the importance of followership this study has also incorporated followership as a moderating variable. Quantitative methodology is applied to investigate the underline relationships. The Pearson correlation results have identified that transactional leadership is positively related to all three factors (frequency of change, trust in management, and employees’ participation) of employees’ reactions towards change. The moderation results further clarify that followership significantly moderates the relationship between transactional leadership style, frequency of change and employees participation. However, there is no moderation effect found between transactional leadership style and trust in management.

PL

Celem niniejszego badania jest analiza związku między stylem przywództwa transakcyjnego a czynnikami reakcji pracowników na zmiany organizacyjne w przedsiębiorstwach telekomunikacyjnych w Pakistanie. Ponadto, aby zrozumieć znaczenie podążania za przywódcą, zostało ono włączone jako zmienna moderująca. W celu zbadania istniejących zależności, zastosowana została metodologia ilościowa. Wyniki korelacji Pearsona wykazały, że przywództwo transakcyjne jest pozytywnie powiązane ze wszystkimi trzema czynnikami (częstością zmian, zaufaniem do zarządzania i udziałem pracowników) reakcji pracowników na zmiany. Uzyskane wyniki pozwoliły stwierdzić, że wyniki moderacji dodatkowo wyjaśniły, że podążanie za przywódcą znacząco moderowało związek pomiędzy stylem przywództwa transakcyjnego, częstotliwością zmian a udziałem pracowników. Jednak nie znaleziono efektu powiązania pomiędzy stylem przywództwa transakcyjnego a zaufaniem do zarządzania.

18

An extension of the theory of planned behavior towards brand equity and premium price

Abdullah M. I., Sarfraz M., Arif A., Azam A.

Polish Journal of Management Studies

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2018

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Vol. 18, No. 1

20--32

EN

The research is undertaken to investigate the impact of brand equity on consumer willingness to pay the premium price by using an extended model of the theory of planned behavior. Role of consumer attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral controls in shaping consumer intention towards paying a premium price for a brand are explored. The theory is further extended to demonstrate the role of brand equity towards consumer intention to pay a premium price. This research is conducted explicitly in Pakistan. The data was analyzed statistically by performing regression analysis with SPSS. The findings indicate that there is a significant impact of brand equity, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral controls on consumer intention to pay a premium price for the brand. The research findings depict that consumers are willing to pay a premium price for a brand if the high brand equity is established.

PL

Podjęte badania mają na celu przeanalizowanie wpływu wartości marki na skłonność konsumentów do płacenia ceny premium za pomocą rozszerzonego modelu teorii planowanych zachowań. Dokonano analizy roli postawy konsumenckiej, subiektywnych norm i postrzeganych kontroli behawioralnych w kształtowaniu intencji konsumenta w zakresie płacenia wyższej ceny za markę. Teoria ta jest dalej rozwijana, aby pokazać rolę marki w dążeniu konsumenta do zapłacenia wyższej ceny. Badania wykorzystane w niniejszym artykule przeprowadzono w Pakistanie. Dane analizowano statystycznie, przeprowadzając analizę regresji za pomocą oprogramowania SPSS. Ustalenia wskazują, że istnieje znaczący wpływ wartości marki, postawy, subiektywnych norm i postrzeganych kontroli behawioralnych na intencję konsumenta, aby zapłacić wyższą cenę za markę. Wyniki badań wskazują, że konsumenci są gotowi zapłacić wyższą cenę za markę, jeśli ustanowiony zostanie wysoki kapitał własny marki.

19

Drivers of green supply chain management

Abdullah M. I., Sarfraz M., Qun W., Javaid N.

LogForum

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2018

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Vol. 14, no. 4

437--447

EN

Background: In the manufacturing business, producers have been facing the problem to decrease the environmental effects during the manufacturing procedure. There is a need for the dedication and resources to address these issues. Management concerns, environmental controls and stakeholder concerns in environment control should be addressed. However, the managerial concerns and size of firms, account as a critical component for influencing the selection of green innovation practices. Along these lines, the reason for research is to explore the impact of those elements affecting producer to adopt green innovation practices. Method: The data is collected through a quantitative approach. Questionnaires were distributed among 150 manufacturing enterprises. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 is used for data analysis. Simple liner, corrections and KMO analysis are applied to the data. Results: Results show that managerial concern is the essential driver for the selection of green practices. Significant connections have been found between government regulation, stakeholder pressure and business size with the selection of green innovation practices. Conclusions: Study throws light on the elements that affect the adoption of green innovation practices in supply chain management of the manufacturing industry. Green supply chain management is essential for the enterprise's sustainability. Green supply chain management is still under developing stage in Pakistan. The study has identified several factors those can play a vital role in the adoption of green supply chain management. This research will be helpful in developing policies and to the better understanding towards adopting green innovation practices.

PL

Wstęp: Przedsiębiorcy działający w obszarze produkcji często spotykają się z problemem redukcji efektów środowiskowych procesu produkcyjnego. Jest to istotny problem, wymagający szybkiego rozwiązania, uwzględniającego zarówno zagadnienia zarządzania, kontroli czynników środowiskowych jak i interesów udziałowców. Niemniej jednak czynniki związane z zarządzaniem i wielkością firmy wyróżniają się krytycznym wpływem na wybór stosowanych innowacji ekologicznych. Celem pracy było zbadanie wpływu tych czynników na producenta we wprowadzaniu ekologicznych innowacji. Metody: Dane zostały zebrane w ujęciu ilościowych, poprzez przeprowadzenie ankiety wśród 150 przedsiębiorstw produkcyjnych. Do analizy danych zostało użyte oprogramowanie Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) we wersji 23. Użyte analizy to analiza liniowa, korekta oraz analiza KMO. Wyniki: Wykazano wpływ metod zarządzania na wybór praktyk ekologicznych. Stwierdzono istotne zależności pomiędzy regulacjami prawnymi, presją wywierają przez udziałowców oraz wielkością przedsiębiorstwa na wybór innowacji ekologicznych. Wnioski: Praca pokazuje elementy mające wpływ na zaadoptowanie zielonych innowacji w łańcuchu dostaw przedsiębiorstwa produkcyjnego. Proekologiczne zarządzanie jest istotne dla rozwoju zrównoważonego przedsiębiorstwa. Zielone zarządzanie łańcuchem dostaw jest nadal w fazie rozwojowej w Pakistanie. W pracy zidentyfikowano kilka czynników mających istotną rolę w adoptowaniu zielonego zarządzania w łańcuchu dostaw. Praca wspomaga rozwój polityki proekologicznej i lepsze zrozumienie wprowadzania zielonych innowacji w praktyce.

20

Rozszerzenie Szanghajskiej Organizacji Współpracy z perspektywy państw Azji Centralnej

Borys M.

Kwartalnik Bellona

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2018

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Nr 3

23--41

PL

W czerwcu 2017 roku Szanghajska Organizacja Współpracy (SzOW) powiększyła się o dwa nowe państwa: Indie i Pakistan. Był to ważny moment w funkcjonowaniu tej azjatyckiej organizacji bezpieczeństwa, pokazała ona bowiem zdolność do adaptowania się do nowych uwarunkowań geopolitycznych w regionie. Przyjęcie dwóch dużych krajów Azji Południowej do SzOW łączy się jednak z ryzykiem, że organizacja stanie się dysfunkcyjna, nowe państwa członkowskie od lat bowiem trwają w konflikcie. Uważa się, że trudno będzie pogodzić interesy Indii i Pakistanu w organizacji, a tarcia między nimi będą osłabiać jej spoistość. Nie wszystkie kraje Azji Centralnej są zadowolone z powiększenia SzOW o Indie i Pakistan - państwa posiadające broń nuklearną. Autor analizuje potencjalne korzyści i obawy państw Azji Centralnej w związku z rozszerzeniem SzOW. Mogą skorzystać na tym gospodarczo państwa poradzieckiej Azji Centralnej. Możliwa wydaje się też integracja gospodarcza Azji Centralnej z Azją Południową.

EN

In June 2017, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) admitted two new countries: India and Pakistan. This fact is an important moment in the functioning of this regional security organization in Asia, as it demonstrated its capability to adapt to the new geopolitical conditions in the region. The admission of two large South Asian countries to the SCO carries a risk with itself that the organization may become dysfunctional due to the inclusion of two countries being in ongoing conflict. It is argued that it will be difficult to reconcile the interests of India and Pakistan in SCO and the tensions between these two new member states might weaken the cohesion of the organization. Also, not all Central Asian countries are satisfied with the admission of India and Pakistan to the SCO, both countries having nuclear weapons. This article analyses the potential benefits and concerns of the Central Asian countries in relation to the enlargement of SCO. Due to the expansion of the organization, the countries of post-Soviet Central Asia may benefit from economic development. The economic integration of Central Asia with South Asia may occur.