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Influence of Mesophilic Bacteria Inoculation with Chicken Manure for Biogas Production Enhancement in Anaerobic Digestion (AD) Process

Alkarimiah Rosnani

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2023

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Vol. 33, no. 3

33--49

EN

The objective of this study is to investigate biogas production by anaerobic digestion using mesophilic bacteria mixed with Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME). This project aims to determine the volume of biogas generation and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production from chicken manure via the anaerobic digestion process. Anaerobic digestion (AD) of chicken manure (CM) often faces obstacles, including high total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentration, inorganic soil particles, and wood chips. The digestion process was carried under batch mode conditions in Scott bottles of 1.0 L active volume. The bottles were immersed in a water bath to control their temperature at 37℃. The characteristics of total solid, volatile solid of mass fraction, pH, and temperature on the amount of biogas produced were studied. The investigation showed that biogas production can be enhanced by inoculation of another material. The optimum biogas composition in the AD system was recorded by Inoculum I, which was achieved on Day 2 at 560 mL/L. The highest cumulative methane yield was observed in the leachate with Inoculum (I), which was 8976 mL/gVS, while the CML produced 4 mL/g VS. The anaerobic digestion (AD) process augmented with inoculum demonstrated heightened efficacy in biogas generation and VFA concentration reduction during the acidogenic phase, surpassing the observed performance in chicken manure leachate.

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Processing of Palm Mill Oil Effluent Using Photocatalytic: A Literature Review

Agustina Lya, Suprihatin, Romli Muhammad, Suryadarma Prayoga

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 11

43--52

EN

The extraction of palm oil fruit (E. guineensis) is achieved by a combination of methods such as pressing, sterilizing, digesting, peeling, grading, purifying, and vacuum drying the extracted oil. This process requires excessive use of water and produces a large amount of wastewater with a high concentration of pollutants, called palm oil mill efluent (POME). This waste water is a high-viscosity liquid with a brown color and a temperature of 80–90 °C. It has a very low pH value, between 4.2–4.5, has a high chemical and biochemical oxygen demand, and is extremely toxic. POME treatment has adopted a variety of methods and technologies, including coagulation-flocculation, anaerobic-aerobic treatment and membrane technology. Biological treatment is mainly used to treat POME, and the POME treated through biological treatment is called palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE). Unfortunately, the treated wastewater still contains high concentrations of organic matter. The color of the effluent is still dark brown. The remaining pollutants from this biological process are generally difficult to degrade biologically, thus requiring suitable processing methods for its removal, so that it can be discharged to the environment safely or even reused orrecycled. One of the challenging processing methods is photocatalytic process. This method is able to utilize abundant resources in the form of sunlight, and is also effective to degrade a wide variety of recalcitrant organic pollutants in the wastewater. This paper presents the current research and development of photocatalytic degradation process for processing of palm oil mill secndary effluent. The review and analysis are focused on synthesis of photocatalyst and the photoreactor design. Based on the results of the literature review and analysis, some recommendations are formulated for future research for their application in advanced POMSE management so that it can be reused for various purposes.

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Improving the Quality of Anaerobically-Pretreated Palm Oil Mill Effluent Using Electrocoagulation

Sailah Illah, Reyhanto Fathan, Puspaningrum Tyara, Romli Muhammad, Suprihatin Suprihatin, Indrasti Nastiti Siswi

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 1

112--124

EN

The palm oil extraction process generates large amounts of effluents with very high concentrations of pollutants, even though they are subjected to anaerobic pretreatment. Further treatment is needed in order to ensure that the effluent is safe for disposal or reuse. This work was conducted to evaluate the performance of an electrocoagulation process in removing pollutants from the anaerobically-pretreated palm oil mill effluent. A 1000 ml beaker glass equipped with a magnetic stirrer was used as an electrocoagulation reactor with four plates of aluminum electrode @ 12×2 cm and an effective area of 0.1 m2 arranged in a bipolar configuration. The experiments run in a batch mode were carried out at various voltage levels and contact times, namely 10, 15, and 20 V for 15, 30, 45 and 60 min. The level of pollutant removal and electrical energy consumption were determined. The electrocoagulation process at 15 V for 30 min produced the highest level of pollutant removal for TSS, turbidity, color, COD, and BOD5, i.e. 90%, 86%, 93%, 87%, and 97%, respectively. The estimated operating costs for these process conditions are 1.48 USD/m3. A second order empirical model was developed to describe the TSS removal in the POME electrocoagulation process. The electrocoagulation with aluminum electrodes can significantly reduce various types of pollutants of anaerobically-pretreated POME, such as TSS, turbidity, color, COD, and BOD5. The estimated cost of EC operation is cheaper than the chemical coagulation process.

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Biomethane Emissions: Measurement in Wastewater Pond at Palm Oil Mill by Using TGS2611 Methane Gas Sensor

Putro Ledis Heru Saryono, Budianta Dedik, Rohendi Dedi, Rejo Amin

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 6

25--35

EN

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) contains high amounts of organic matter, potentially as a source of environmental pollution. The processing of POME in anaerobic ponds is produced by biomethane, which is a greenhouse gas and also is a potential as a renewable energy source. Indonesia is the world’s largest CPO producer, but POME processing is still mostly done by conventional methods without methane capture. In this system, the value of methane emitted into the atmosphere is unknown. This research focused on estimating the methane emissions in anaerobic ponds (AP) multiple feeding wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for land applications, with CH4-meter systems based on TGS2611 sensors, SHT11 and microcontrollers, and using closed static chambers. The sampling of wastewater and methane gas was carried out in October-November 2018. The results showed that the methane gas emissions in combined anaerobic ponds (AP2-AP1) and AP3 were 43,704 and 35,321 mg/m2/day respectively, and a total of 405.358 and 61.812 kg/day sequential on AP2-AP1 (9,275 m2) and AP3 (1,750 m m2). It was obtained from the correlation between methane emissions with removed COD as a conversion coefficient of 0.2107 kg CH4/kg COD removed. On the basis of linear regression with R22 0.9725, it was still below the theoretical value (stoichiometry) of 0.25 kg CH4/kg COD removed. From the conversion coefficient, COD removed, and the amount of POME in 2018, which was 104,179 m3, contributed to emitting 462 tons of methane from the entire anaerobic pond. This conversion coefficient can be used to quickly estimate the methane emissions in Indonesian palm oil mills.

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Optimization of fresh palm oil mill effluent biodegradation with Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma virens

Jalaludin N., Rahman R. A., Razali F., Barghash H. F. A., Sukri S. S. M.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2016

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Vol. 42, no. 1

63--73

EN

In this work, response surface optimization strategy was employed to enhance the biodegradation process of fresh palm oil mill effluent (POME) by Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma virens. A central composite design (CCD) combined with response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to study the effects of three independent variables: inoculum size (%), agitation rate (rpm) and temperature (°C) on the biodegradation processes and production of biosolids enriched with fungal biomass protein. The results achieved using A. niger were compared to those obtained using T. virens. The optimal conditions for the biodegradation processes in terms of total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), specific resistance to filtration (SRF) and production of biosolids enriched with fungal biomass protein in fresh POME treated with A. niger and T. virens have been predicted by multiple response optimization and verified experimentally at 19% (v/v) inoculum size, 100 rpm, 30.2°C and 5% (v/v) inoculum size, 100 rpm, 33.3°C respectively. As disclosed by ANOVA and response surface plots, the effects of inoculum size and agitation rate on fresh POME treatment process by both fungal strains were significant.