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The application of CALMET/CALPUFF models in air quality assessment system in Poland

Trapp W.

Archives of Environmental Protection

2010

Vol. 36, no. 1

63-79

The accession of Poland to the European Union involved the need of regional air quality assessment and brought radical change in requirements towards the software tools used for assessment purposes. According to Polish law, a zone is an agglomeration of over 250 000 inhabitants, or a poviat (second level of local government administration in Poland), or a group of poviats, and assessment should consider both global and regional inflow of pollutants as well as the impact of local emission sources and significant sources in a voivodeship. These requirements have imposed a model range of over 250 km. Following an analysis of different models operating all over the world, the CALPUFF model together with the CALMET meteorological processor was chosen to be implemented in air quality assessment systems in Polish zones. This paper presents the results of model calculations performed within the air quality assessment in Mazowieckie voivodeship as well as compares them with the measurements obtained at automatic air monitoring stations.

Wejście Polski do Unii Europejskiej i związana z tym potrzeba prowadzenia ocen jakości powietrza atmosferycznego w strefach spowodowało radykalną zmianę wymagań wobec narzędzi stosowanych w ramach oceny. Zgodnie z polskim prawem strefą jest aglomeracja powyżej 200 000 mieszkańców oraz powiat bądź grupa powiatów, a w ocenie muszą być uwzględniane globalny i regionalny napływ zanieczyszczeń oraz wpływ lokalnych źródeł emisji oraz istotnych źródeł emisji z województwa. Tak określone wymagania narzuciły przestrzenny zasięg modelu na powyżej 250 km. Po analizie różnych pracujących na świecie systemów modeli, do wdrożenia w systemach oceny jakości powietrza w strefach w Polsce wybrano model CALPUFF z preprocesorem meteorologicznym CALMET. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki obliczeń modelowych przeprowadzonych w ramach oceny jakości powietrza w województwie mazowieckim oraz porównanie otrzymanych wyników z wynikami pomiarów na automatycznych stacjach monitoringu powietrza.

Response of rotifers to hydrochemical and biotic factors

Żurek R.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

2006

Vol. 35, No.2

121-139

The zooplankton community in an open cast sulphur mine impoundment was investigated over two years. Complicated physical and chemical relationships in this pit ecosystem resulted in an atypical planktonic assemblage. Changes in the rotifer populations were examined over time and space in the pit ecosystem. Only 20 species of rotifers were identified in the impoundment. In winter, Polyarthra dolichoptera coexisted with P. bicerca; in spring, one of the dominant species was Keratella quadrata, while, in summer, Hexarthra fennica, Keratella cochlearis and Synchaeta tremula were all present. In autumn, Filinia longiseta dominated the population. On the border of the oxycline and beneath the thermocline lived Keratella testudo. Thermal and chemical stratification generated five variants of diurnal vertical migrations of planktonic animals including two typical, well-known patterns. Some species were able to penetrate the oxygen-free layer in the hypolimnion. These species were also resistant to low concentrations of hydrogen sulfide. Multidimensional scaling and correspondence analysis identified the following factors as important for rotifers: mineralization and the presence of sulfide with hydrogen sulfide, as well as biotic (predators) or the life supporting parameters: temperature, oxygen. Toxic compounds present in the water, especially sulfides or its derivates, were probably responsible for deformation of the rotifers’ spines in 0.1% of the population.