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1

Assessment of Air Quality Index in Annaba

Badjoudj Salem, Benselhoub Aissa, Narsis Souad, Dovbash Nadiia, Idres Abdelaziz, Benghadab Khadouja Marame, Boutarfa Fares, Bounouala Mohamed, Bellucci Stefano

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2023

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no. 2, vol. 1

341--350

EN

In recent years, the world has been witnessing serious ecological imbalances due to the catastrophic situation and the damage caused to the environment. Human activities as waste disposal, cement units, smelting, chemical industries etc., are the main causes of pollution. Air pollution directly affects the human living standards, pollutants requires regular control in view of their direct impact on health, such as nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter. Algeria adopts international standards to monitor the levels of pollution recorded in Algerian cities and compare them with global levels. In this context, quantitative estimates of polluted waste resulting from some industrial activities have been conducted in order to determine the degree of its danger and the extent of its contribution to the deterioration of the air quality. The monitoring of pollutants allowed us to identify the benefits of comprehensive environmental assessment. We determined the air quality index in Annaba using various pollutants parameters (dust, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide). A ten-point scale ranking of the overall air quality index of pollution accepted in Algeria allows making the differentiated assessment of negative impacts of existing industrial agglomerations on the environment. However, the analysis performed on samples DC1 and DC2 with SEM (TESCAN model VEGA II) and BSE detector (Backscattered Electrons) shows that the particles sizes are estimated to range from hundreds of microns to a few microns, a different morphology and irregular shape. Our results will enable policy makers to appropriate measures to be taken, and which are based mainly on sensitizing economic operators to environmental issues in order to adopt an environmentally friendly industrial system.

PL

W ostatnich latach świat był świadkiem poważnych zaburzeń równowagi ekologicznej z powodu katastrofalnej sytuacji i szkód wyrządzonych środowisku. Działalność człowieka, taka jak usuwanie odpadów, cementownie, hutnictwo, przemysł chemiczny itp. są głównymi przyczynami zanieczyszczenia. Zanieczyszczenie powietrza bezpośrednio wpływa na standardy życia ludzi, zanieczyszczenia wymagają regularnej kontroli ze względu na ich bezpośredni wpływ na zdrowie, takie jak tlenek azotu, dwutlenek siarki, ozon i pył zawieszony. Algieria przyjmuje międzynarodowe standardy w celu monitorowania poziomów zanieczyszczeń rejestrowanych w algierskich miastach i porównywania ich z poziomami globalnymi. W tym kontekście przeprowadzono ilościowe szacunki zanieczyszczonych odpadów powstających w wyniku niektórych działań przemysłowych w celu określenia stopnia ich zagrożenia i zakresu ich wkładu w pogorszenie jakości powietrza. Monitorowanie zanieczyszczeń pozwoliło nam zidentyfikować korzyści płynące z kompleksowej oceny środowiska. Określiliśmy indeks jakości powietrza w Annabie, wykorzystując różne parametry zanieczyszczeń (pył, ozon, dwutlenek azotu i dwutlenek siarki). Dziesięciopunktowa skala rankingu ogólnego wskaźnika jakości powietrza zanieczyszczeń przyjętych w Algierii pozwala na zróżnicowaną ocenę negatywnego wpływu istniejących aglomeracji przemysłowych na środowisko. Jednak analiza przeprowadzona na próbkach DC1 i DC2 za pomocą SEM (TESCAN model VEGA II) i detektora BSE (Backscattered Electrons) pokazuje, że rozmiary cząstek szacuje się na od setek mikronów do kilku mikronów, o różnej morfologii i nieregularnym kształcie. Nasze wyniki umożliwią decydentom podjęcie odpowiednich środków, które opierają się głównie na uwrażliwieniu podmiotów gospodarczych na kwestie środowiskowe w celu przyjęcia przyjaznego dla środowiska systemu przemysłowego.

2

One-year-long, comprehensive analysis of pm number and mass size distributions in Warszawa (Poland)

Bihałowicz Jan Stefan, Rogula-Kozłowska Wioletta, Rogula-Kopiec Patrycja, Świsłowski Paweł, Rajfur Małgorzata, Tomasz Olszowski

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2023

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Vol. 30, nr 4

541--556

EN

The properties of particulate matter PM, including its impact on the environment and human health, depend mainly on the size (more precisely: size distribution) of the particles since the size is usually dependent on the processes/sources of the PM. This work presents the results of a one-year-long measurement campaign of PM. PALAS Fidas 200 from Airpointer air quality station was used. The PM was measured in Warsaw, Poland continuously from 1st May 2022 to 30th April 2023; size distribution was recorded with 120 s intervals and averaged in 3600 s periods. It was found, that the number and the mass size distribution varied depending on the averaging period (different hours of the day, different days of the week, and different months of the year). Additionally, the authors determined the periods of impact on selected sources (traffic emission, municipal emission, and industrial emission) on the number and mass size distributions of PM at the sampling site. Monitoring of number and mass size distributions of PM is a relatively easy and more cost-effective method than analysing the chemical composition of PM. Therefore, is crucial to develop a method of identifying sources of PM based on size distributions. It was found that such a method can be in the future as successful in source apportionment as in the analysis of chemical compositions.

3

Technology for manufacturing catalytic systems using a pilot line for precious metal recovery

Fuć Paweł, Sokolnicka-Popis Barbara, Ziółkowski Andrzej, Bednarek Maciej, Jagielski Aleks, Michałowska Anna

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 3

89--96

EN

The subject of this article is to compare the effectiveness of commercial exhaust gas aftertreatment systems such as TWC and GPF with their prototype variant, which is produced on a pilot line that allows the recovery of precious metals. What's more, the said production line allows the manufacture of components compliant with Euro IV, V and VI standards. Depending on the model of the monolith made, it is possible to reduce the consumption of precious metal raw materials by up to 20%, which should be considered a significant result. The article describes in detail the manufacturing process of metal carriers using the mentioned technology. A dynamic engine dynamometer was used for tests verifying the effectiveness of particulate filters, on which the RDE test route covering the area of the Poznan agglomeration was mapped. The tests performed are particularly important, as it should be borne in mind that according to the forecast in 2025, internal combustion engines powered by conventional fuels will account for 85% of all propulsion sources. In addition, the increasing environmental awareness of vehicle users and manufacturers requires solutions to reduce PM emissions into the atmosphere in both mass and number.

4

Ambient air quality in Upper Silesia region pre-during, and post-COVID-19 periods

Brągoszewska Ewa, Mainka Anna, Biedroń Izabela

Architecture Civil Engineering Environment

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2023

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Vol. 16, no. 4

135--148

EN

Governments worldwide have established lockdowns to limit the spread of COVID-19 during the pandemic. The restrictions on travel and reduction of economic activity have led to a temporary improvement in air quality in several countries, especially in urban areas. This study investigates the changes in concentration levels of air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and bacterial aerosol) in the Upper Silesia Region of Southern Poland, during three periods: pre (March 2018 and 2019), during (March 2020, and 2021) and post-COVID-19 lockdown period (March 2022 and 2023). Our findings indicate that COVID-19 restrictions had a moderate impact on PM10 levels in comparison to pre- and post-COVID-19 periods. PM2.5 during lockdown was significantly lower than in the pre-COVID period and not significantly higher after COVID. PM10 and PM2.5 average concentrations decreased during COVID-19 restrictions by 27.8% and 12.7%, respectively. Compared with the results from the pre-COVID-19 phase, the reductions in NO2 and SO2 during the lockdown were 9.5% and 34.0%. Among other pollutants, bacterial aerosol (BA) concentrations also decreased during the lockdown by 23.0%, compared to the results from the pre-COVID-19 period.

5

Health risk assessment in the vicinity of a copper smelter: particulate matter collected on a spider web

Trzyna Agnieszka, Rybak Justyna, Bartz Wojciech, Górka Maciej

Mineralogia

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2022

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Vol. 53, iss. 1

36--50

EN

We used spider webs as a particulate matter (PM) sampler to assess the possible health risk to the inhabitants of Legnica city (Poland). We aimed to find out if it is a useful material and could provide reliable information. We selected two spider families (Agelenidae and Linyphiidae) whose webs structure enhances the PM accumulation. The collected particles were analysed using a Scanning Electron Microscope equipped with Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) which provided morphological and chemical information and allowed to indicate possible sources of pollution. The results showed that PM10, the fraction of particles smaller than 10 µm, was dominated by the particles of natural origin, while fine fractions were composed of diverse anthropogenic particles, whose origin can be connected with the activity of the copper smelter and in smaller quantity with the road traffic. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk was assessed for these pathways: inhalation, ingestion, and dermal, for children and adults. The non-carcinogenic risk was very high (Hazard Index: HI > 1) both for children (Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd) and adults (Cu, As, Pb, Cd). Moreover, high carcinogenic risk (>10-4) was found in most of the sampling points. The study shows that spider webs are useful in biomonitoring of PM and can also be used for health risk assessment. In the studied region, it was found that the possible negative impact of air pollution on human health exists.

6

Indoor Air Quality in a Selected Health Resort Facility: Analysis of PM10, PM2.5 and 222Rn Concentrations

Merenda Beata, Maciejewski Piotr, Bezyk Yaroslav, Sówka Izabela

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 10

202--215

EN

This paper discusses the importance of indoor air quality and indicates its relation with outdoor air quality in the area of spa treatment. Significant factors and sources causing indoor air pollution by particulate matter and radon are considered. Particular attention is drawn to specific functions of health resorts in spa treatment in the context of the importance of indoor and outdoor air for patients staying in the resorts. It is underlined the specificity of health resorts providing treatment for patients classified as the group most sensitive to air pollution, i.e. people with chronic respiratory diseases. The study comprised measurements of 24-h concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and 10-minute instantaneous concentrations of radon-222 (222Rn) from February 5 to February 25, 2021 in a treatment room of one of the Polish spas located in Lower Silesia. The analysis of interactions between the concentrations of two fractions of particulates PM10 and PM2.5 was presented. The interaction and dependence of factors affecting the elevated values of concentrations of the studied pollutants were discussed. The presented analyses showed that the concentrations of the studied pollutants were influenced by air exchange and air infiltration from outside to inside. In the case of short-term measurements of 222Rn activity concentration in the air, it was found that the observed changes in hourly concentrations of 222Rn are analogous to those observed in residential buildings. For the specific time intervals, the variation of PM concentrations and 222Rn activity concentration was found to be similar.

7

A random maintenance last model with preventive maintenance for the product under a random warranty

Shang Lijun, Zou Anquan, Qiu Qingan, Du Yongjun

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2022

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Vol. 24, no. 3

544--553

EN

Although renewing pro-rate replacement warranty (RPRW) can help producers obtain some compensation from users, there seldom exists a two-dimensional random RPRW with a refund (2D-RRPRW with R) where a refund can guarantee the fairness of users. In addition, although random periodic replacement last (RPRL) can extend the service span after the expiry of the warranty, RPRL considering preventive maintenance (PM) has been seldom modeled to further lengthen the service span after the expiry of the warranty. In view of these, a 2D-RRPRW with R is devised to guarantee the fairness of users by integrating the limited job cycles and a refund into RPRW. Under the case where 2D-RRPRW with R warrants products with job cycles, a RPRL with PM is modeled to further lengthen the service span after the expiry of the warranty and reduce the failure frequency. It shows that to shorten the warranty period can makes the warranty cost of 2D-RRPRW with R to be less than the warranty cost of classic RPRW; and the performance of RPRL with PM outperforms the performance of classic RPRL.

8

Wpływ pary wodnej dostarczanej do procesu spalania węgla kamiennego na skład chemiczny spalin

Ciupek Bartosz

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2019

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T. 98, nr 11

1768--1772

PL

Zbadano wpływ pary wodnej dostarczanej do procesu spalania węgla kamiennego w kotle grzewczym, mierząc zmiany emisji substancji szkodliwych. Dzięki otrzymanym wynikom pokazano, że para wodna doprowadzana do procesu spalania węgla kamiennego znacząco wpłynęła na zmianę składu chemicznego spalin: spowodowała obniżenie stężeń masowych emitowanych pyłów (PM) i tlenków azotu (NOx) oraz znaczący wzrost stężenia masowego emitowanego tlenku węgla(II). Oprócz pomiaru stężeń masowych emitowanych substancji szkodliwych, mierzono temperaturę panującą w komorze spalania, temperaturę spalin i zawartość tlenu w spalinach. Na podstawie otrzymanych wyników wyliczono sprawność procesu spalania oraz współczynnik nadmiaru powietrza.

EN

Solid fuel boiler with the nominal heating power of 15 kW was fired with coal only or with addn. of steam 0.7 or 3.5 kg/h. The steam addn. to combustion process resulted in a decrease of NOx and PM content and in a very large increase in CO content in the exhaust gas. The combustion efficiency was reduced by max. of 4% after steam addn.

9

Particulate matter emission reduction from marine diesel engines by electrohydrodynamic methods

Sobczyk Arkadiusz T., Jaworek Anatol, Marchewicz Artur, Krupa Andrzej, Czech Tadeusz, Śliwiński Łukasz, Charchalis Adam

Journal of KONES

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2019

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Vol. 26, No. 3

203--210

EN

Particulate matter (PM) and gaseous compounds (SO2, NOx, VOC) emitted by diesel engines causes serious global environmental problems and health impact. Despite numerous evidences about the harmfulness of diesel particles, the PM emission by diesel engines used by ships, cars, agricultural machines, or power generators is still unregulated, and the efficient removal of PM from diesel exhausts is still the major technological challenge. In order to comply with the International Maritime Organization regulation, the NOx emission is reduced by using selected catalytic reactor, and sulphur oxide emission has been reduced by using fuels of low sulphur content. However, both of those measures cannot be used for the reduction of PM emission produced during combustion of marine fuels. The lack of appropriate regulations results from insufficiently developed technology, which could remove those particles from exhaust gases. Conventional scrubbers currently available on the market remove only sulphur oxide with required collection efficiency, but the collection efficiency for PM2.5 is below 50%. The article discusses the technical means used for the removal of PM from marine diesel engines via applying electrohydrodynamic methods, in particular electrostatic agglomeration, as a method of nanoparticles coagulation to larger agglomerates, which could operate in two-stage electrostatic precipitation systems, and electrostatic scrubbers, which remove particles by electrically charged water droplets. The experimental results were obtained for a 2-stroke 73 kW diesel engine fuelled with marine gas oil (MGO). The agglomerator allowed increasing the collection efficiency from diesel exhausts for PM2.5 particles by about 12%, compared to electrostatic precipitator operating without agglomerator, and the total mass collection efficiency was above 74%. The collection efficiency of electrostatic scrubber was higher than 95wt.%. The advantage of using the electrostatic scrubber is that it can also reduce the SO2 emission by more than 90%, when HFO is used.

10

Ceramic and Glass Fibre Reinforced Flexible Composites for Particulate Filter Walls – A Novel Approach

Prabu K., Srinivasan J., Prakash C.

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2019

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Vol. 27, no. 3 (135)

91--97

EN

Flexible composites from high performance fibres were developed and targeted to replace the wall of existing rigid ceramic Particulate Filters. The composites are made from E Glass fibre webs of different density in the middle, with standard SiC Ceramic fibres webs in in the outer layers, forming a sandwich structure. Different needling densities were applied to form nonwoven composites, and they were stitched diagonally on the surface at specified intervals with continuous glass fibre filament yarn. In total, nine novel flexible composites were developed and evaluated for their structural, surface, mechanical and thermal properties. Based on the results and statistical analysis, the B2 sample is considered to be taken for further research to develop Particulate Matter (PM) filters.

PL

W pracy opracowano giętkie kompozyty wzmocnione włóknami ceramicznymi i szklanymi do zastosowania w ścianach filtrów cząstek stałych. Kompozyty tworzące strukturę wielowarstwową zostały wykonane ze wstęg z włókna szklanego o różnej gęstości (warstwa wewnętrzna) i włókien ceramicznych (warstwa zewnętrzna). Zastosowano różne gęstości igłowania w celu utworzenia kompozytów włókninowych i zszyto je ukośnie na powierzchni w określonych odstępach za pomocą ciągłej przędzy z włókna szklanego. Opracowano dziewięć nowych giętkich kompozytów i oceniono ich właściwości: strukturalne, powierzchniowe, mechaniczne i termiczne. Na podstawie wyników i analizy statystycznej stwierdzono, że do dalszych badań w celu opracowania filtrów materii cząstek stałych (PM) należy wytypować próbkę B2.

11

Concentration and elemental composition of quasi-ultrafine particles in Upper Silesia

Rogula-Kozłowska Wioletta, Mach Tomasz, Rogula-Kopiec Patrycja, Rybak Justyna, Nocoń Katarzyna

Environment Protection Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 45, nr 1

171--184

EN

The ambient concentrations and elemental composition of particles with aerodynamic diameters between 30 and 108 nm (quasi-ultrafine particles, q-UFP) were studied. The data came from 6 sites in Katowice and Zabrze, big cities in Upper Silesia, where particulate matter was sampled at urban background site and crossroads in Katowice and Zabrze, at highway in Katowice, and at urban road in Zabrze. The ambient concentrations of q-UFP and of 24 q-UFP-bound elements at these six sampling sites have been discussed in the paper. The q-UFP mass concentrations in Upper Silesia did not appear high, they were not higher than in other areas. The percentages of the total mass of the examined elements in the q-UFP mass suggest that in Upper Silesia, within a typical residential area, q-UFP consist mainly of primary matter. At the sites under strong influence of road traffic emissions, where the contributions of the examined elements to the q-UFP mass were small, most probably, carbonaceous matter and elemental carbon build the core q-UFP mass. The majority of the elements in q-UFP are anthropogenic. Clear effects of local PM sources can be seen on the ambient concentrations of q-UFP-bound Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Sc, Ti, V, Cd, Cr, Mn, Co, and Sb.

12

A preliminary study of the concentrations and mass size distributions of particulate matter in indoor sports facilities before and during athlete training

Kuskowska Karolina, Rogula-Kozłowska Wioletta, Widziewicz Kamila

Environment Protection Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 45, nr 3

103--112

EN

The mass size distribution of five fractions of particulate matter inside most popular types of closed sports facilities before and after athlete training were compared. In all the facilities, the concentrations of particles were higher during the training than before it. Their values depended on the type of flooring and cubic capacity of the rooms. Particle mass size distribution importantly affects the particle deposition rate in the respiratory tract. The results of the work indicate the necessity of further investigating the relations between the physical properties of particles and the effects of inhaling them during training in various sports facilities.

13

Measurement of flame temperature and soot amount for effective NOx and PM reduction in a heavy duty diesel engine

Aoyagi Yuzo

Combustion Engines

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2019

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R. 58, nr 4

32--39

EN

To reduce exhaust NOx and smoke, it is important to measure flame temperature and soot amount in combustion chamber. In diesel combustion it is effective to use the two-color method for the measurement of the flame temperature and KL factor, which is related with soot concentration. The diesel flame was directly and continuously observed from the combustion chamber at running engine condition by using a bore scope and a high-speed video camera. The experimental single cylinder engine has 2.0-liter displacement and has the ability with up to five times of the boost pressure than the naturally aspirated engine by external super-charger. The devices of High Boost, Wide Range and High EGR rate at keeping a relatively high excess air ratio were installed in this research engine in order to reduce exhaust NOx emission without smoke deterioration from diesel engines. The video camera nac GX-1 was used in this study. From observed data under the changing EGR rates, the flame temperature and KL factor were obtained by the software of two-color method analysis. The diesel combustion processes are understood well by analyzing high-speed movies of the diesel flame motion and its temperature. The NOx and smoke are mutually related to maximum flame temperature and also it is possible to reduce simultaneously both NOx and soot emissions by high EGR rate in a single cylinder diesel engine.

14

Experimental Research of Changes in CO, NOx and PM Concentrations in Flue Gases During Combustion of Wood Pellets With Wheat Seeds

Ciupek Bartosz, Urbaniak Rafał, Judt Wojciech

Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja

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2019

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T. 50, nr 2

56--61

EN

The article presents the results of experimental research on changes in concentrations of harmful substances in flue gases by burning and co-firing wood pellets with wheat seeds. Undertaking this research is aimed at defining new directions in the development of combustion and co-firing techniques operating in individual heating. The main purpose of the conducted research was to check whether it is possible to co-firing wood pellets with wheat seeds in a modern low power boiler with a pellet burner installed. The final stage of the research was to check the level of concentrations of harmful substances emitted from the burning process of wood pellets and to check whether co-firing of wood pellets with wheat seeds in mixtures of 70:30 and 50:50 reduces the emission of harmful substances. The article describes the applied methodology of the conducted research and a full analysis of the results obtained. The effect of the conducted research is to determine the effect of burning wood pellets with wheat seeds on the operation of pellet burners and to determine the degree of environmental burden of harmful substances.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań eksperymentalnych zmian stężeń substancji szkodliwych w spalinach ze spalania i współspalania peletów drzewnych z nasionami zbóż. Pod- jęcie tych badań ma na celu określenie nowych kierunków rozwoju technik spalania i współspalania stosowanych w ciepłownictwie indywidualnym. Podstawowym celem przeprowadzonych badań było sprawdzenie czy istnieje możliwość współspalania peletów drzewnych z nasionami pszenicy w nowoczesnym kotle grzewczym. Ostatnim etapem badań było określenie stopnia emisji substancji szkodliwych z procesu spalania peletów oraz z współspalania peletu z nasionami pszenicy w stosunku 70:30 i 50:50. W artykule opisano zastosowaną metodykę badań oraz analizę otrzymanych wyników. Efektem przeprowadzonych badań jest określenie wpływu spalania peletów z nasionami zbóż na stopień obciążenia środowiska przez emisję substancji szkodliwych.

15

Plants as natural anti-dust filters – preliminary research

Mazur J.

Technical Transactions

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2018

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Vol. 115, iss. 3

165--172

EN

In urban areas, particulate matter (PM) are the leading cause of air pollution. They can adversely affect human health. One of the solutions to reduce pollution and improve air quality is the use of plants as natural, biological filters which trap the particles on the leaves. Studies on the assimilation capacity of species (Hedera helix, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Fagus sylvatica) were analyzed. In addition, based on two examples of structures in Krakow, the storage capacity of vines such as Hedera helix and Parthenocissus quinquefolia and Fagus sylvatica tree, for fraction of PM (0.2–2.5 μm; 2.5–10 μm; 10–100 μm) was estimated. Analyses have shown the particular efficacy of creeping vines in PM capture.

PL

W obszarach miejskich substancje pyłowe są najczęstszą przyczyną zanieczyszczenia powietrza. Cząstki pyłu zawieszonego (PM) mogą szkodliwie oddziaływać na zdrowie człowieka. Jednym z rozwiązań zmniejszających zanieczyszczenie i poprawiających jakość powietrza jest stosowanie roślin jako naturalne, biologiczne filtry, zatrzymujące cząstki stałe na liściach. W artykule przeanalizowano wyniki badań dotyczące zdolności asymilacji pyłów wybranych gatunków: (Hedera helix, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Fagus sylvatica). Dodatkowo oszacowano zdolność akumulacji pnączy Hedera helix i Parthenocissus quinquefolia oraz drzewa Fagus sylvatica dla frakcji PM (0,2–2,5 μm; 2,5–10 μm; 10–100 μm) na przykładzie dwóch budowli w Krakowie. Analizy wykazały szczególną skuteczność pnączy w wychwytywaniu PM.

16

Analysis of PM concentrations in the urban area of Bejaia

Benaissa F., Maesano C. N., Alkama R., Annesi-Maesano I.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 44, nr 1

75--84

EN

The particulate matter (PM10, PM7, PM4, PM2.5 and PM1) mass concentrations in Bejaia City, Algeria, over the course of one week, from July 8 to July 14, 2015, have been presented for the first time. The study covered eight urban sampling sites and 169 measurements have been obtained. The average city-wide PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations measured during this sampling were 87.8±33.9 and 28.7±10.6 μg/m3, respectively. These results show that the particulate matter levels are high and exceed the World Health Organization Air Quality Guidelines (WHO AQG) and European 24-hour average limit values (50 μg/m3for PM10and 25 fig/m3for PM2.5). The PM1, PM2.5, PM4 and PM7 fractions accounted for 0.15,0.32,0.56 and 0.78, respectively, of the PM10 concentrations. The analysis revealed that variations of PM concentration in the study region were influenced primarily by traffic. Lower PM10 concentrations (21.7 and 33.1 μg/m3) were recorded in residential sites, while higher values (53.1, and 45.2 μg/m3) in city centers.

17

Wpływ wybranych materiałów budowlanych na klasy czystości powietrza pomieszczeń

Piasecki M., Bekierski D.

Materiały Budowlane

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2017

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nr 8

40--42

PL

Artykuł przedstawia propozycję metody określania wpływu materiałów budowlanych na klasę zanieczyszczenia powietrza pomieszczeń w budynku. Ponadto omówiono stan wiedzy oraz określanie klas czystości powietrza metodą komorową oraz za pomocą analizy bezpośredniej w obiekcie. Porównano dwie niezależne metody analityczne: mikroskopii optycznej i metodę z zastosowaniem dyskretnego licznika cząstek. Wyznaczono współczynnik korelacji liniowej wyników oraz równanie regresji w przypadku dwóch wielkości cząstek. Przedstawiono i omówiono wyniki pomiarów czystości powietrza wykonane w kilkunastu przedszkolach.

EN

The article presents a method for determining the influence of selected construction materials on the air pollution of rooms in a building. The paper presents the state of the art and methods for defining room cleanliness classes by a chamber method and by direct analyses of the object. Two independent analytical methods were presented and compared: the optical microscopic method and the use of a discrete particle counter. The linear correlation coefficient of the methods’ results and the regression equation for the two particle sizes were determined. Air quality measurements were performed in a dozen of kindergartens.

18

Characterization of Biofilms From Selected Synthetic Materials Used in Water Distribution System

Biedroń I., Traczewska T., Konieczny T., Płaza G.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 18, nr 1

284--293

EN

Materials like polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE) are used for the construction of drinking water supply systems. It was found that regardless of the type of material the distribution network is built of, microorganisms formed biofilms on every available surface. The pipes material plays a key role in terms of biofilm formation. Important factors are the surface roughness, adhesives, plasticizers, stabilizers, which can be a source of nutrients for bacteria. The metabolic activity of microorganisms on polymer materials, induces migration of compounds from the material into water. The aim of this study was to present the differences in the structure and the metabolic profile of biofilm formed on the technical materials.

19

Impact of EGR control at in-cylinder pressure and ecological properties of CI off-road vehicle engine

Bieniek A., Mamala J., Graba M., Hennek K.

Combustion Engines

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2017

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R. 56, nr 3

88--95

EN

An attempt has been made to clarify the effect of wide-ranging control of the exhaust gas recirculation system on the cylinder pressure and ecological engine performance. This publication contains the results of tests performed on the CI (compression ignition) engine of the off-road vehicle mounted on the test bench. The study was based on advanced EGR control with a proportional valve and a very efficient exhaust gases cooling system. Analysis of the test results is based on the cylinder pressure and the concentration of NOx and PM components at exhaust gases. The study included the influence of the exhaust gas recirculation system control on parameters such as differential pressure, MBF, and relative NOx and PM emissions. As demonstrated by the analysis conducted, the EGR valve control method and the exhaust gas cooling intensity significantly affect the cylinder pressure and its ecological performance.

20

Exhaust emissions of particulate matter from light-duty vehicles - an overview and the current situation

Bielaczyc P., Szczotka A., Woodburn J.

Combustion Engines

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2017

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R. 56, nr 4

227--238

EN

Emissions of particulate matter associated with the use of light-duty vehicles are an increasingly important topic, with more and more political attention focused on this issue. Now that direct injection Diesel engines feature DPFs, particle emissions from other engine types operating on other fuels are also of great interest. This paper discusses the phenomenon in general, briefly reviews worldwide legislation and emissions limits and presents the results of a laboratory test programme measuring the particle emissions from a range of vehicles. The experimental programme showed that the engine/fuel type has a greater impact on particle emissions than the test conditions.