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1 Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

1 2025

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Tribological properties of PLA-based composites produced by 3D printing

Bohun L., Mierzwiński D., Tepla T., Gądek S., Nykiel M., Vasylieva A.-M.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

2025

Vol. 128, nr 1

5--17

Purpose: The current trends in the development of additive technologies, which are actively used in various industries, have been analysed. Special attention was found to be paid to polylactic acid (PLA), an environmentally friendly and biodegradable polymer widely used in 3D printing due to its low melting point and cost-effectiveness. The tribological properties of PLA were improved by adding clay in different concentrations and changing the filling type during printing. The highest indicators of wear resistance and the minimum coefficient of friction were found in the PLA/0.1Clay composite with Grid 90/85 filling. Such a type of filling provided optimal tribological properties for all composites due to the implementation of an abrasive wear mechanism accompanied by plastic deformation. It was revealed that the introduction of clay plasticized the material, which resulted in the widening of the sliding tracks. Design/methodology/approach: Pure PLA and PLA/Clay composites with different clay concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 g per 50 g PLA) were used for the study. The samples were printed with Sphere/100, Grid 90/100 and Grid 90/85 infill to study the effect of structure and density on tribological properties. Density, clay distribution (SEM), tribological tests, as well as wear track structure and friction mechanisms were investigated. The nature of clay distribution in the obtained filaments was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on a JSM-IT200 scanning electron microscope (Tokyo, Japan). To establish the elemental composition of the clay used to create the filaments, X-ray fluorescence analysis was performed on a CEP-01 Elvax Light X-ray spectrometer. The hardness of the samples was measured by indentation according to the Shore method on the Shore hardness tester HT-6510D. Tribological studies of the obtained samples were carried out according to the ball-on-disk scheme on the Tester T-01M computerized friction machine. The microstructure of the surfaces of the studied samples was analysed using an MBS-9 microscope. Findings: The influence of the chemical composition of PLA/Clay and the type of filler on the tribological characteristics, including wear resistance, wear intensity and friction mechanisms, was evaluated. The optimal composite composition (PLA/0.1Clay) and the type of filler (Grid 90/85) were determined to ensure the best performance properties. Research limitations/implications: The work focuses on PLA/Clay composites and dry friction conditions, which require further research for other fillers and operating environments. The results provide a basis for developing environmentally friendly wear-resistant materials with improved tribotechnical properties. Practical implications: The study demonstrates the potential of PLA composites for parts operating in friction pairs without lubrication, particularly in the automotive, medical and textile industries. The results contribute to the development of additive manufacturing for manufacturing wear-resistant parts with complex geometries. Originality/value: The article comprehensively analyses the influence of the composition of PLA composites with the addition of clay and the type of filling during 3D printing on tribological properties. The proposed combination of materials science and tribological methods for optimizing polymer properties significantly contributes to the development of environmentally friendly materials and 3D printing technologies.