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1

Use of Toxicity Indexes in Reference to Carbon Dioxide for a Vehicle Equipped with a Two-Stroke Engine without an Exhaust Aftertreatment System

Rymaniak Łukasz, Ziętara Bartosz, Szymlet Natalia, Kołodziejek Daniel

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 4

228--236

EN

Research work on the new assessment of environmental indicators using equipment from the PEMS group (Portable Emission Measurement Systems) with motor vehicles is being developed. Due to the miniaturization of equipment, there are new measurement possibilities for more and more numerous groups of vehicles, including two-wheelers. The article presents the research and a summary of the results of a moped equipped with a two-stroke engine, approved in accordance with the Euro 3 standard. The research object is mainly used for driving in urban traffic. Therefore, the research route was created as the first communication frame in the Poznań agglomeration. In the analysis of the results, the author’s M toxicity index was proposed, which is based on the assumption that CO2 emission is a measure of the correctness of the combustion process. The equipment from the PEMS-AxionR/S+ group, characterized by small dimensions and low weight, was used to determine the actual motion parameters and the emission of toxic compounds. In the analysis of the measurement results, dimensionless indicators of toxicity M of gaseous compounds were determined and a comparative analysis was made with the values of other objects obtained in the course of previous research (motorcycle, passenger car, off-road vehicle, hybrid bus and agricultural tractor). Due to the engine design (two-stroke type), the worst environmental indicators were obtained for CO and HC compared to other tested vehicles.

2

Measurement of Exhaust Emissions from a Two-Wheeler – an Experimental Validation of the Remote-Sensing Method

Rymaniak Łukasz, Mąka Monika, Szymlet Natalia, Kamińska Michalina, Kęska Aleksandra

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 12

60--71

EN

The paper presents the problem of testing vehicles, which are some of the main sources of air pollution. The authors suggested the remote-sensing method as a tool for the measurement of the vehicle exhaust emissions and an on-going control thereof. This is an economical solution that allows measuring a large number of vehicles in a short time. The presented work aims at an experimental validation of the measurement method of exhaust emissions on the example of a two-wheeler. To that end, two parallel laboratory tests were carried out: measurement of the exhaust emissions obtained directly from the tailpipe using the PEMS (Portable Emission Measurement System) equipment and from the exhaust cloud, utilizing a module emission gate. A significant mutual correlation of the results confirms the efficiency of the method. The highest value of the coefficient of determination was obtained for the CO2, PM and NO analyzers. Different orders of values were primarily caused by the dissipation of the exhaust gas and the influence of the ambient conditions on the measurement process. Further works are therefore necessary to allow an assessment of the actual measurement uncertainty of the equipment irrespective ofthe fueling system and type of vehicles.

3

Evaluation of pollutant emissions from a railbus in real operating conditions during transport work

Rymaniak Łukasz, Wiśniewski Sławomir, Woźniak Krystian, Frankowski Maciej

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 3

84--88

EN

The article discusses issues related to the assessment of pollutant emissions from a railbus during transport work. The test object was a rail vehicle equipped with two diesel engines with a total power of 780 kW, Stage IIIB homologated. Measurements were carried out on the route Poznań-Wągrowiec in two directions. During the tests, the vehicle performed a transport service, where the number of passengers was counted. For the completed cycles, the average number of people was 82 and 18. Based on the obtained data, the vehicle operating conditions and emission indicators were analyzed, which were related to the number of passengers. A dimensionless toxicity index was also determined.

4

Comparison of exhaust emission results obtained from Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS) and a laboratory system

Adamiak Borys, Szczotka Andrzej, Woodburn Joseph, Merkisz Jerzy

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 4

128--135

EN

Exhaust emissions testing of vehicles under real driving conditions (real driving emissions, RDE) using portable exhaust emissions measurement systems (PEMS) was introduced a few years ago by the European Commission as a mandatory test during type approval and later also for in-service conformity. This paper compares results from mobile systems for measuring exhaust gas emissions (PEMS) with a stationary laboratory (BOSMAL’s Exhaust Emissions Testing Laboratory). The tests were carried out using a passenger car equipped with a spark ignition engine, which was tested on a chassis dynamometer over the WLTC cycle. The results showed that the differences between PEMS analysers and stationary analysers range from a few percent to a dozen or so percent, depending on the component and the measurement method.

5

Assessment of two condensation particle counters (CPCs) in photometric mode for high concentration exhaust emission measurements

Giechaskiel Barouch, Melas Anastasios, Mamakos Athanasios

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 2

15--23

EN

Condensation particle counters (CPCs) use light scattering to count particles after they have grown to micron size in a supersaturated environment. In single counting mode each particle is counted depending on whether the scattered light exceeds a threshold value or not. In photometric mode the total scattered light is converted in particle number concentration. While for laboratory grade particle number systems, CPCs are allowed to operate only in single counting mode, there is no such requirements for portable emissions measurements systems (PEMS) for real-driving emissions (RDE) testing or for instruments for periodic technical inspection (PTI) of vehicles. In this study two CPCs of the same model were assessed in single counting and photometric modes with silver and graphite particles with sizes ranging from 10 nm to 100 nm. The results showed that the concentration was measured accurately enough for particles in the 25 nm to 50 nm size range, but was underestimated and overestimated for smaller and larger particles, respectively. The key message is that the photometric mode should be avoided or calibrated in function of concentration and particle size.

6

Research of ecological indicators of two-way vehicle in stationary conditions

Kamińska Michalina, Andrzejewski Maciej, Daszkiewicz Paweł

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 1

30--34

EN

The presented article concerns the research on the emission of pollutants of a rail-road tractor in two stationary research tests. The purpose of the tests was to carry out control tests of pollutant emissions and their analysis. The object used during the works was approved in accordance with the Stage V standard, which requires measurements of emissivity both in stationary, dynamic and real conditions. Despite the requirement to test engines installed on a vehicle during their normal duty cycle with PEMS, the emission limits measured in this test have not yet been defined. Therefore, the work below focuses on the stationary test cycle. The measurements were carried out in accordance with the internal combustion engine operating points described in the approval test, and then compared with the modernized NRSC test. It contains modified measuring points and rotational speeds of the crankshaft, adopted on the basis of the most common operating parameters of agricultural tractor combustion engines in real operating conditions. The measurements were performed with the use of a mobile dynamometer and devices for measuring emissions of harmful exhaust gas compounds and recording on-board data. In the performed test, the vehicle drive system worked at fixed operating points, with defined values of crankshaft rotational speed and load. Based on the recorded data on the concentrations of pollutants in the exhaust gases, the unit emission of the tested object was determined. In the final stage of the work, these data were used to perform a comparative analysis with the emission limits contained in the standard.

7

Method of verifying the emission level of the exhaust components of a special vehicle in relation to EURO III standard in road conditions

Kaźmierczak Andrzej R., Matla Jędrzej

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 2

89--93

EN

The following article presents the method of verification of EURO III standard in real conditions for special vehicles. The test object qualified as a special vehicle was tested in road conditions along a defined route, and then the obtained measurement results were compared to the exhaust emission standard (EURO III) applicable for this vehicle. A method of comparing the emission factors in road conditions with the indicators obtained on the engine dynamometer was proposed. An AVL mobile exhaust gas analyzers PEMS dedicated for RDE road tests were used in the research.

8

Measurement of rail vehicles exhaust emissions

Kamińska Michalina, Kołodziejek Daniel, Szymlet Natalia, Fuć Paweł, Grzeszczyk Rafał

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 2

10--17

EN

The basic problem in terms of measuring exhaust emissions is the approval tests of traction vehicles, which are carried out on engine dynamometers. Therefore, it is impossible to obtain reliable results concerning their actual impact on the natural environment. It is therefore advisable to carry out the tests in real operation conditions, as is the case for road vehicles for which RDE (Real Driving Emissions) tests are carried out. The latest Stage V emission standards push for the introduction of this type of test, but no limit values for toxic exhaust gases have been established and no test guidelines have been defined for assessing actual emissions. This article describes the issues related to the legislative guidelines for non-road vehicles in force in Europe, as well as the measurement tools used, such as mobile equipment for measuring emissions of PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement Systems) and newly developed emission gates. Additionally, the paper presents examples of locomotive exhaust emission tests in real operating conditions. The aim of the measurements was to assess the emission of toxic compounds against the relevant standards. The subject of the research was a diesel locomotive type T448.P equipped with a modernized internal combustion engine.

9

Analysis of emissions and fuel consumption from forklifts by location of operation

Ziółkowski Andrzej, Fuć Paweł, Jagielski Aleks, Bednarek Maciej

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 2

30--35

EN

The share of road transport accounts for more than 85% of the total structure of freight transportation. In this process, mainly motor vehicles are used to carry out the freight work. In addition to them, forklifts are also used, whose task is to load and unload goods. These vehicles are categorized as NRMM (Non-Road Mobile Machinery). Forklift trucks have internal combustion or electric drive. The paper presents an analysis of the emission of pollutants and fuel consumption from forklift trucks equipped with diesel and LPG power. The study uses the author's test taking into account the raising/lowering of a pallet, a loaded and unloaded run. The measurements were made in the warehouse and outside the warehouse using the Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) equipment. The aim was to show the influence of loading conditions on the emission of pollutants and fuel consumption.

10

Assessment of vehicle emissions at roundabouts: a comparative study of PEMS data and microscale emission model

Madziel Maksymilian, Campisi Tiziana

Archives of Transport

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2022

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Vol. 63, iss. 3

35--51

EN

Energy efficiency has a central role to play in achieving decarbonisation targets in the transport system by changing the demand for mobility (eg. by influencing on peoples behaviors) and improving the performance of the fleet. In recent years there has been an increase of use of private transport, partly due to the recent pandemic and the reduced choice of public transport. People's travel habits have changed in frequency and motivation due to the reduced number of seats on public transport, due to social distancing but also due to online education and teleworking. This increase of use private cars has led to an increase in environmental emissions as a result of the high proportion of vehicles with combustion engines in urban areas. The highest concentrations have been recorded at road intersections and in particular at roundabout configurations where there is a higher number of stop-and-go's overall. The increasing importance of air pollution from vehicle traffic has suggested that environmental considerations should be added to these aspects as a criterion for intersection design. Several studies in the literature analyze the environmental emissions generated by vehicle traffic using different methods such as on-site recording, mathematical modeling of dispersion phenomena, micro-simulation of vehicle traffic, use of appropriately equipped vehicles with sensors. This paper presents a comparison between the results obtained from the Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) and the results obtained from the VERSIT+ emission model. Specifically, using a Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS) installed on a series of test cars, instantaneous CO2 and NOX emissions were measured on repeated trips along two-lane roundabout intersections. The study was carried out by examining a selected two-lane roundabout in the city of Rzeszow (Poland) using 9 different vehicles fueled by petrol, diesel, and LPG. The results show that the investigated VERSIT+ emission model used led to an inaccuracies in the calculation of CO2 and NOx emissions. Furthermore, current micro-scale emission models may not estimate emissions of harmful exhaust components with sufficient accuracy due to the specificities of roundabout driving. Therefore, there is a strong demand for the development of new emission models, adapted to the driving behavior of drivers appropriate for different infrastructure objects such as roundabouts.

11

Analysis of exhaust emissions in the real operating conditions of a public transport vehicle with the use of PEMS

Bajerlein Maciej

Pojazdy Szynowe

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2021

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Nr 1

10--17

EN

The paper discusses the issues related to the measurement of the operating parameters of a conventional engine and the parameters of a conventional bus in motion. The measurements were performed under actual traffic conditions of a city bus in Poznań. It is noteworthy that onroad tests under actual operating conditions (PEMS) are one of the main trends of the development of the testing methodology and are gradually gaining in importance. Specific conditions were selected to ensure the highest possible reflection of the actual conditions: the traffic similar to the traffic typical of a regular bus route (average traffic on Poznań routes). The tests were conducted for two days (Friday and Saturday), characteristic of very high and very low number of transported people respectively as well as high and medium traffic congestion. During the tests the engine and the driving parameters were recorded continuously as sent from the diagnostic system of the vehicle and the GPS. The PEMS test method (portable emissions measurement system) presented in the article can be used in the measurement of exhaust emissions in rail vehicles with combustion engines.

PL

W artykule omówiono zagadnienia związane z pomiarem wskaźników pracy silnika oraz parametrów konwencjonalnego autobusu w ruchu. Pomiary wykonano w rzeczywistych warunkach ruchu autobusu miejskiego w Poznaniu. Warto zauważyć, że badania drogowe w rzeczywistych warunkach eksploatacyjnych PEMS (Portable Emissions Monitoring System) są jednym z głównych trendów rozwoju metodologii badań i stopniowo zyskują na znaczeniu. Specyficzne warunki zostały dobrane tak, aby jak najlepiej odzwierciedlić stan faktyczny: ruch zbliżony do ruchu typowego dla zwykłej linii autobusowej (przeciętny ruch na trasach poznańskich). Testy były prowadzone przez dwa dni (piątek i sobotę), charakteryzujące się odpowiednio bardzo dużą i bardzo małą liczbą przewożonych osób oraz dużym i średnim natężeniem ruchu. W trakcie testów silnik i parametry jazdy rejestrowane były w sposób ciągły przesyłane z systemu diagnostycznego pojazdu i GPS. Przedstawiona w artykule metoda badawcza PEMS (badania emisji spalin w warunkach rzeczywistych) może zostać wykorzystana w pomiarze emisji spalin także w pojazdach szynowych o napędzie spalinowym.

12

Determining if Exhaust Emission From Light Duty Vehicle During Acceleration on The Basis of On-Road Measurements and Simulations

Nowak Mateusz, Kamińska Michalina, Szymlet Natalia

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 10

63--72

EN

Vehicle exhaust emissions depend on multiple factors, such as the emission norm, driving parameters (speed, acceleration) or the technical condition of the vehicle. These driving parameters may often depend on the condition of the road infrastructure and other factors influencing road conditions. The article attempted to assess the emissivity during acceleration of a vehicle powered by a compression ignition engine. Mapping the actual values is possible with the use of exhaust emission measurement equipment that operates under the actual operating conditions of a vehicle. Recently, an increase in the use of simulation methods in research of this type has been observed. The authors decided to check the suitability of using road traffic simulation software to estimate the CO2 emissions during vehicle acceleration. The obtained results are promising, because in terms of the emissions of the analyzed exhaust gas component, the simulation results differed from the results obtained during measurements with the use of Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS) equipment by less than ±20%.

13

Use of emission indicators related to CO2 emissions in the ecological assessment of an agricultural tractor

Rymaniak Łukasz, Merkisz Jerzy, Szymlet Natalia, Kamińska Michalina, Weymann Sylwester

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2021

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Vol. 23, no. 4

605--611

EN

The paper presents the proposed proprietary M exhaust emission indicator, which is based on the assumption that CO2 emissions are a measure of the correctness of the combustion process. The measurements were performed using a farm tractor meeting the Tier 3 emission norm, operated in real conditions during plowing work. The tests were carried out for a given land section at three speeds In the analysis of test results, the net engine work was used, as it is carried out in the type approval procedures. When measuring in real operating conditions, the torque read from the OBD system is overstated because it takes into account the engine’s internal resistance. In the analysis of test results, the fuel consumption, emission indicators of gaseous compounds and particulates were determined, and the best conditions for conducting agricultural works were indicated in terms of their impact on the natural environment. The aim of the work is to verify the possibility of determining the emission index for an off-road vehicle and a comparative analysis of its values for various operating parameters of a farm tractor. On this basis, it was found that the lowest values of the M identity were recorded for the test characterized by a vehicle speed of 15 km/h.

14

Use of toxicity indicators related to CO2 emissions in the ecological assessment of an two-wheel vehicle

Szymlet Natalia, Kamińska Michalina, Lijewski Piotr, Rymaniak Łukasz, Tutak Przemysław

Combustion Engines

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2021

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R. 60, nr 4

36--41

EN

The subject of the article is proposed proprietary M toxicity indicator, which is based on the assumption that CO2 emissions are a measure of the correctness of the combustion process. For this purpose, gaseous exhaust compounds such as hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide were measured and analyzed. The test object was a motorcycle, equipped with an gasoline engine with a displacement of 0.7 dm3 and a maximum power of 55 kW. The tests were carried out using the PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement System) AxionR/S+. The exhaust emissions measurement was done in line with the WMTC (World Motorcycles Test Cycle) certification test, dedicated to vehicles in this category. The test consists of three parts, each of them lasts 600 s and has a different maximum speed value. The test was performed on a single-roller chassis dynamometer, designed for testing two-wheeled vehicles. The toxicity indicators and rotation speed results were presented as a function of time.

15

Analysis of Research Method, Results and Regulations Regarding the Exhaust Emissions from Two-Wheeled Vehicles under Actual Operating Conditions

Szymlet Natalia, Lijewski Piotr, Sokolnicka Barbara, Siedlecki Maciej, Domowicz Andrzej

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 1

128--139

EN

The subject of this article was the analysis of the current state of legislation regarding the exhaust emissions from two-wheeled vehicles. The regulations and emission limits were analyzed and compared for different areas of the world. Moreover, the review of the legal provisions includes an individual approach to specific categories of two-wheeled vehicles. The study also describes the research and exhaust emission measurement methods from mopeds and motorcycles both under laboratory conditions and in actual operation. The methods were evaluated in the aspect of future emission requirements and trends. In addition, the results of emissivity measurements under actual operating conditions obtained in the Poznań agglomeration with the use of motorcycle units were discussed and analyzed. The values of road emissions of all toxic compounds limited by legislators were compared with emission standards.

16

The impact of parameter modifications in the Diesel engine power system on the emissions of harmful compounds

Merkisz Jerzy, Bajerlein Maciej, Zieliński Bartłomiej

Combustion Engines

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2020

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R. 59, nr 1

36--40

EN

The article presents the results of emission tests and vehicle operation indicators fueled with diesel oil. The tests were carried out for a passenger vehicle equipped with a diesel engine meeting Euro 3 emissions standard, moving in urban traffic. The measurements were carried out using modern PEMS (Portable Emission Measurement System) enabling the emission of gaseous components from exhaust systems of the tested object. On the basis of the conducted tests, the load characteristics were determined using the torque values obtained along with the engine speeds. The measurement route included two cycles: urban driving and fast acceleration. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of modifications to the control maps on CO, CO2, PM and NOx exhaust gas emissions under real operating conditions.

17

Problems of exhaust emissions testing from machines and mobile devices in real operating conditions

Lijewski Piotr, Fuć Paweł, Markiewicz Filip, Dobrzyński Michał

Combustion Engines

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2019

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R. 58, nr 4

292--296

EN

The article presents selected problems concerning tests of toxic exhaust emissions from engines of vehicles, mobile devices, engines used in gardening and construction works. For this group of engines, this type of testing is carried out primarily in laboratory conditions, however, variable load conditions during actual operation justify efforts to determine the level of emissions in real operating conditions. Research in real operating conditions for different engine categories becomes increasingly more standard, in this aspect, it is necessary to verify the state of knowledge and methodology in the aspect of testing engines of machines and mobile devices. The research performed by the authors was the first of this type using PEMS equipment, hence some conclusions and observations can be made from the obtained results. At present, the type approval procedures for the engine group in question do not account for emissions tests in real operating conditions, while also missing any description of a standardized research methodology. In addition, the engine group in question is not really suitable for testing in real conditions. An introduction to research aimed at developing an exhaust emission test methodology in real operating conditions of mobile device engines was included in the article.

18

Development of RDE/ISC test methodology in light of Euro 6d/VI emissions limits

Pajdowski Piotr, Woodburn Joseph, Bielaczyc Piotr, Puchałka Bartosz

Combustion Engines

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2019

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R. 58, nr 3

274--282

EN

This paper discusses the fact that vehicle and powertrain test methods have long been guided by type approval requirements - with a focus ot the recent/current example of real driving emissions (RDE) and in-service conformity (ISC) test requirements. The implications - current and future - of these testing requirement, which force the use of portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) are discussed. In this context, BOSMAL Automotive Research and Development Institute’s PEMS systems are presented, and the systems’ attributes and versatility are explored. Considerations for testing a very wide range of vehicle, engine and fuel types are mentioned. Non-legislative applications of PEMS systems are briefly explored; finally, it is shown that the emissions laboratory and its chassis dyno remain indispensable when conducting work on light duty exhaust emissions, even in the era of RDE.

19

Comparison of exhaust emission from Euro 3 and Euro 6 motor vehicles fueled with petrol and LPG based on real driving conditions

Jaworski Artur, Lejda Kazimierz, Lubas Janusz, Madziel Maksymilian

Combustion Engines

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2019

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R. 58, nr 3

106--111

EN

Constantly increasing requirements regarding emission limits for harmful exhaust components force vehicle manufacturers to improve the construction of vehicle engines as well as exhaust gas cleaning systems. In addition to modifications in the field of technology of motor vehicles themselves, it is also important to study the impact of alternatives to petrol or diesel fuels. One of the most popular fossil fuel is liquid petroleum gas. In the paper, the results of comparative studies on the emission of harmful exhaust components of vehicles meeting the Euro 3 and Euro 6 standards in the field of petrol and LPG fuel use are presented. Emission measurement was performed using a portable emission measurement system from Horiba OBS-2200 under real traffic conditions. The presented results show the differences between the tested vehicles and the fuels used.

20

Emisja masy i liczby cząstek stałych z pojazdu hybrydowego w teście RDE

Szymlet Natalia, Sokolnicka Barbara, Sieldecki Maciej, Lijewski Piotr, Nowak Mateusz

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

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2019

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R. 20, nr 6

286--290

PL

Przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza drogowej emisji liczby oraz masy cząstek stałych w rzeczywistych warunkach eksploatacji z pojazdu hybrydowego. Co więcej, analizie poddano również warunki pracy badanego pojazdu oraz silnika. W tym celu wykonane zostały badania emisji cząstek stałych i parametrów eksploatacyjnych z lekkiego pojazdu samochodowego z napędem hybrydowym, wyposażonego w 104 kW silnik o objętości skokowej 1,58 dm3. Badania przeprowadzono w rzeczywistych warunkach ruchu, przestrzegając procedury RDE (Real Driving Emission). Test wykonano na obszarze aglomeracji poznańskiej, trasa obejmowała drogi o różnych dopuszczalnych prędkościach. Do badań wykorzystano mobilną aparaturę, należącą do grupy PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement System), w skład której wchodziły takie urządzenia jak: SEMTECH DS., AVL MSS (Micro Soot Sensor) oraz EEPS 3090 (Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer). Uzyskane wyniki zostały odniesione do wartości dopuszczalnych emisji zgodnie ze standardem EURO 6.

EN

The subject of this article is the analysis of the particle number and mass road emission from a hybrid vehicle in real operating conditions. Additionally, the operating conditions of the tested vehicle and engine were also analyzed. To this end, particulate emissions and performance tests were carried out from a light hybrid vehicle, equipped with a 77 kW engine with a displacement of 1.58 dm3. The tests were conducted in real traffic conditions, following the standard RDE (Real Driving Emission) procedure. The test was performed within the Poznań agglomeration, the route included roads with different maximum speed limits. The research involved the use of mobile measuring equipment, belonging to the PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement System) group, which included equipment such as: SEMTECH DS, AVL MSS (Micro Soot Sensor) and EEPS 3090 (Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer). The results obtained have been referred to the vehicle exhaust emission limit values in accordance with the Euro 6 norm.