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Problems of the Zagros Ophiolites and Basaltic Bodies, Examples from Kurdistan Region, Northern Iraq

Karim Kamal Haji

Inżynieria Mineralna

2024

Vol. 1, no. 1

153--180

In the Iraqi Zagros, there are ten ophiolites and basaltic bodies, the famous ones are Penjween, Mawat, Bulfat and Peshashan Ophiolite complexes in addition to basaltic bodies such as Kata Rash, Avroman, Gercus, Chalki, and Hamrin basaltic bodies. The present study describes more than 12 significant problems concerning the previous assigning of the bodies as igneous rocks. These problems are observable in the field, laboratory, and in most previous works of literature that oppose the magmatic origin of these bodies. Our study explicated all aspects of each problem and clarified how the problems contradict magmatic crystallization and aid the sedimentary origin of these claimed igneous bodies. Finally, the interpretations of all the problems were collected as conjugate pieces of evidence for appraisal of the new origin of all igneous bodies in the Iraqi and Iranian Zagros belt. The outcomes consider the ophiolitic and basaltic rocks metamorphosed volcaniclastic sandstones (greywackes or mafic sandstone). These sandstones belong to fresh or metamorphosed greywackes of stratigraphic units of the Paleocene-Eocene Walash Formation (as distal facies) and Kata Rash Conglomerate (as proximal facies) which were previously considered volcanic rocks. These sediments are sourced originally from Urumeiah-Dokhtur Magmatic Arc (ADMA) and deposited inside Neo-Tethys, present Sanandaji-Sirjan Zone (SSZ), during the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous. Later, the sediments were metamorphosed and uplifted during the Paleocene and deposited inside the Iraqi Zagros belt by turbidity currents inside the Zagros Foreland basin. These ideas are shown in detail by tectonic and paleogeographic models.

Qualifying the geotechnical and hydrological characteristic of the Bandawaya stream valley - Northern Iraq

Al-Jawadi Azealdeen S., Abdul Baqi Yousra T., Sulaiman Ali M

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

2020

Vol. 29, No. 3

319--331

In northern Iraq, countless non-abuse stream valleys can be used to store water for a variety of purposes; domestic, supplementary irrigation, and recharging groundwater. Bandawaya is one of the stream valleys, which form the first perspective has excellent quality. The location of the suggested dam has been evaluated by hydrological and geotechnical studies. Geotechnical studies included measurement of all the parameters related to the rock mass classification for evaluation based on four classification systems, which are the Q-System, the rock mass rating (RMR), the geological strength index (GSI), and the rock mass index (RMi). The classification results indicated that the rocks of the valley are good for constructing a dam on them, with some weak zones that may affect the integrity of the dam, which the study recommended treating before starting the construction of the dam. According to preliminary studies on different dam’s heights the qualification demonstrates an excellent choice of the site. Four stream orders are recognized, dendritic pattern in the southern part of the watershed, and trellised in the northern part. Three heights assumed to the proposed dam 450, 460, 470 m a.s.l. with 640,764; 3429,787; 8,590,763 m3 storage capacity respectively. According to the Q-System, the RMR, the GSI, and the RMi, the rock mass of the study area is evaluated. The findings illustrate the excellent selection by geotechnical, hydrological, and engineering features of the dam place.