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1

Smart port as a key to the future development of modern ports

Karaś A.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2020

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Vol. 14, no. 1

27--31

EN

Technological innovations gives the opportunity to create so-called Smart Ports. However, determining which technologies to choose, how to implement them remains a challenge. The research problem presented in the article is: Is the constant introduction and implementation of the concept of intelligent ports an irreversible trend determining the direction of development of modern seaports? The aim of the article is also to analyze projects introduced in the ports of the North Sea and Baltic Sea which are successively implementing the concept of a Smart Port. The article uses the method of analysis - mainly current analysis and prospective analysis.

2

Classifying Ship Encounters to Monitor Traffic Safety on the North Sea from AIS Data

Iperen W. H.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2015

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Vol. 9, no. 1

51--58

EN

In studies for the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, MARIN has developed methods to classify ship encounters on the North Sea from AIS data. The methods use the Distance at Closest Point of Approach (DCPA), Time to Closest Point of Approach (TCPA), and an estimate of ship domains, to determine for each crossing, head-on, and overtaking encounter, whether these follow abnormal patterns. On august 1 2013, the route structure on the North Sea, was rearranged to improve safety and efficiency. The encounter classification methods were applied to two years of AIS data. Heat maps of encounters show how the junctions have shifted. For these junctions, the numbers of encounters were compared. This paper discusses the methods to classify encounters, and the results of the comparison of the route structures. The results show a decrease of the number of exceptional head-on and crossing encounters in the new route structure.

3

The Use of the Lead and Line by Early Navigators in the North Sea?

Kemp J. F.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2014

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Vol. 8 no. 4

481--483

EN

This paper draws attention to the lack of information as to how early North Sea sailors navigated, particularly during the one thousand year period that followed Roman times. The lead and line was the only navigational aid available for most of this period, but there is little recorded as to whether it was used simply for ensuring a ship or boat had enough water to proceed or whether, together with the knowledge it provided of the nature of the sea bed, it was used as a more positive position fixing device. The author would appreciate any information relating to navigation techniques used during this period.

4

New coupled atmosphere-ocean-ice system COSMO-CLM/NEMO: assessing air temperature sensitivity over the North and Baltic Seas

Van Pham T., Brauch J., Dieterich C., Frueh B., Ahrens B.

Oceanologia

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2014

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No. 56 (2)

167--189

EN

This paper introduces a newly established coupled atmosphere-ocean-ice system with the regional climate model COSMO-CLM and the ocean-sea-ice model NEMO for the North and Baltic Seas. These two models are linked via the OASIS3 coupler. Experiments with the new coupled system and with the stand-alone COSMO-CLM model forced by ERA-Interim re-analysis data over the period from 1985 to 1994 for the CORDEX Europe domain are carried out. The evaluation results of the coupled system show 2-m temperature biases in the range from -2.5 to 3 K. Simulated 2-m temperatures are generally colder in the coupled than in the uncoupled system, and temperature differences vary by season and space. The coupled model shows an improvement compared with the stand-alone COSMO-CLM in terms of simulating 2-m temperature. The difference in 2-m temperature between the two experiments are explained as downwind cooling by the colder North and Baltic Seas in the coupled system.

5

First record of brown colouration of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua, L.) from the North Sea [commun.]

Rybczyk A., Czerniejewski P., Rokicka-Praxmajer J.

Oceanologia

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2014

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No. 56 (1)

159--163

EN

This paper reports the biological characterisation of a specimen of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) with a unique brown colour, which is the first fish of this species with such a colouration recorded from European waters. It was caught in the coastal zone of the North Sea in June 2011. This "brown" cod fish weighed 1074.3 g and had an overall length of 422 mm.

6

Inland water transport as a factor influencing mega-ports and seaport cities development (from the European North Sea perspective)

Grzelakowski A. S.

Logistics and Transport

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2010

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Vol. 11, No. 2

71-80

EN

Inland water transport has played a significant role in the development of port cities and seaports all over the world for ages. As a dominant mode of inland transport until the rail and road have begun to prevail in the European transport systems, it has at first created and then shaped seaport hinterland in the majority of the European ports. However, its impact on these organisms, i.e. seaports and port cities has changed in many European countries in recent decades, due to the fact that it was getting weaker (logistics time constraints) and less competitive on the transport market. Consequently, in many European countries it has lost its impact on seaports hinterland and has been replaced by other less environmentally friendly modes of transport. This tendency is, however, not observed in the North Sea mega-ports as well as in many world biggest ports in Asia and North America, where inland shipping still maintains significant share in the port total turnover modal split. The reasons for such situation are analyzed in this article.

7

The changing North Sea: knowledge, speculation and new challenges

Sündermann J.

Oceanologia

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2003

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No. 45 (2)

247-259

EN

Synthesis and New Conception of North Sea Research (SYCON) is the title of a German project carried out from 1998-2000 under the leadership of Hamburg University 1. It was accompanied by an international advisory board and covered North Sea issues as well as the general challenges to shelf sea research and sustainable management under global change. Particular emphasis was placed on the interdisciplinary analysis of comprehensive areas of knowledge: the data situation, understanding of processes, model development, instruments and methods, understanding of the system. Based on this, perspectives for future North Sea research were developed. The project produced a synthesis report, eleven monodisciplinary reports and an illustrated brochure for the general public (see Annex 1, this paper, p. 258).

8

Deposition of organic matter and particulate nitrogen and phosphorus at the North Sea-Baltic Sea transition - a GIS study

Jansen D. L., Lundqvist D. P., Christiansen C., Lund-Hansen L.C., Balstrom T., Leipe T.

Oceanologia

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2003

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No. 45 (2)

283-303

EN

A GIS (Geographical Information System) based study on deposition in the North Sea-Baltic Sea transition area has been carried out. The study is based on (i) a digital bathymetry model, (ii) 93 available 210Pb / 137Cs sedimentation rate estimations, (iii) grain-size distributions, organic matter, C, N and P content of 64 top 1 cm sediment samples from the study area, and (iv) GIS-based modelling of resuspension potentials based on wind statistics. With the use of regression statistics on depth, resuspension potential and sediment characteristics, results are extrapolated area-wide from the 64 sampling positions. The area is divided into sediment types and classified as accumulation or erosion/transport bottoms. Model results show good agreement with existing maps of sediment distributions, indicating that the sediment distribution is governed to a large extent by wind-induced waves. Correlations of sediment types, their deposition rates and their N and P contents were used to estimate spatial deposition rates. In all, the yearly deposition in the study area amounts to 2.8 million tons of organic matter, 0.14 million tons of total nitrogen, and 0.035 million tons of total phosphorus. Correlations of sediment types and dry bulk densities were used to infer spatial inventories of organic matter and total nitrogen and phosphorus in the top 1 cm of the sediments. A total of 100 million tons of organic matter, 4 million tons of total nitrogen, and 0.019 million tons of total phosphorus are contained in the top 1 cm of the sediments in the study area. In general, the deep parts of the study area with low resuspension potentials act as sinks for the fine-grained sediments and their associated particulate nutrients.

9

Adsorptive properties of natural water surfactant films. Dead Vistula catchment water studies

Pogorzelski S. J., Kogut A. D.

Oceanologia

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2003

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No. 45 (3)

373-394

EN

The paper contains the results of natural film experiments carried out on inland waters in the Dead Vistula (Martwa Wisła) catchment area during 1999-2002 using the integrated Langmuir trough-Wilhelmy plate system, which "cuts out" an undisturbed film-covered area without any physicochemical sample processing. The static film parameters result from the generalized scaling procedures applied to the surface pressure-area isotherms. They appear to correspond well to observations of the film composition Alim, MW, Eisoth, film solubility and the miscibility of its components (via R, ΔSc and y factors), and surface concentration Πeq, Γeq. A novel approach is presented for the adsorption dynamics on the basis of the mixed kinetic-diffusion model and analyses of the dynamic surface pressure plots, which leads to the determination of the effective relative diffusion coefficient Deff / D and activation energy barrier Ea / RT. There is reason to believe that certain classes of film-forming components or "end-members" may dominate the static and dynamic surface properties. Some of these substances can be used as source-specific surface-active biomarkers to trace temporal and spatial changes due to environmental factors or the production of biological matter. The concept was tested for the Dead Vistula river and its tributaries. The results demonstrate that natural films are a complex mixture of biopolymeric molecules covering a wide range of solubilities, surface activities and molecular masses with an apparent structural film architecture. Such studies could lead to the development of film structure parameters - indicators of ecosystem quality and the state of the environment.

10

Transparency of the North Sea and Baltic Sea - a Secchi depth data mining study

Aarup T.

Oceanologia

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2002

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No. 44 (3)

323-337

EN

This paper presents the results of a Secchi depth data mining study for the North Sea - Baltic Sea region. 40,829 measurements of Secchi depth were compiled from the area as a result of this study. 4.3% of the observations were found in the international data centers [ICES Oceanographic Data Center in Denmark and the World Ocean Data Center A (WDC-A) in the USA], while 95.7% of the data was provided by individuals and ocean research institutions from the surrounding North Sea and Baltic Sea countries. Inquiries made at the World Ocean Data Center B (WDC-B) in Russia suggested that there could be significant additional holdings in that archive but, unfortunately, no data could be made available. The earliest Secchi depth measurement retrieved in this study dates back to 1902 for the Baltic Sea, while the bulk of the measurements were gathered after 1970. The spatial distribution of Secchi depth measurements in the North Sea is very uneven with surprisingly large sampling gaps in the Western North Sea. Quarterly and annual Secchi depth maps with a 0.5o × 0.5o spatial resolution are provided for the transition area between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea (4oE-16oE, 53oN-60oN).

11

The occurrence of the Chandler effect in the Baltic Sea and in the atmosphere of the adjacent region

Wróblewski A.

Oceanologia

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1999

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No. 41 (4)

515-536

EN

The Chandler effect (CE) has been shown to occur in the atmospheric pressure and geostrophic wind fields over the North and Baltic Seas and contiguous parts of Europe. The atmospheric pressure grid over the area bounded by 50oN-65oN and 0oE-30oE covers atmospheric fields that directly, or indirectly - via the North Sea - affect the variability of sea levels in the Baltic. The variances, amplitudes, phases and the 50% significance isolines of the CE atmospheric field oscillations under investigation and the first EOF of these fields were computed. Their characteristics were compared with an annual and a half-yearly period. Similar characteristics were computed for sea levels. The occurrence of CE is discussed in brief with respect to the North Sea, at six stations typifying the variability of the Baltic Sea level, and for the mean sea level in the Baltic basin. These oscillations in the Baltic Sea level are shown to have varied over a period of many decades. The amplitudes are compared with the oscillations under equilibrium conditions. It has been demonstrated that to a considerable extent, CE in the North Sea and in the zonal circulation force this phenomenon in the Baltic, and that internal forcing is of secondary importance. The wobbles of the Earth's axis of rotation are briefly characterised for the period under scrutiny. The basic computations were performed on the basis of data obtained between 1901 and 1980, i.e. reliable series of sea level readings, atmospheric data and variability in polar position.

12

Ryby jako bioindykatory oceny poziomu zanieczyszczenia środowiska substancjami chloroorganicznymi.

Luckas B.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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1999

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Vol. 6, nr 11

1159-1181

PL

Przedstawiono badania poziomu zanieczyszczenia związkami chloroorganicznymi akwenów morza Bałtyckiego i Północnego w latach siedemdziesiątych, osiemdziesiątych i częściowo dziewięćdziesiątych. Jako bioindykatory wykorzystano ryby, w których za pomocą chromatografii gazowej oznaczano stężenie związków chloroorganicznych.

EN

Pollution assessment with chlorinated hydrocarbons of Baltic Sea in 70s, 80s and partly in 90s has been presented. Different kinds of fish have been used as bioindicators. The organochlorine content was determined by gas chromatography.