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1

The role of actively diffusing impurities of sulfur and oxygen in ductility-dip cracking susceptibility of Ni-Cr-Fe welds

Yushchenko K. A., Zviagintseva A. V., Kapitanchuk L. M., Gakh I. S.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 89, nr 2

49--55

EN

Purpose: To determine the temperature conditions of sulphur and phosphorus moving to sample surface for alloys with different initial sulphur content. Design/methodology/approach: Investigation of samples from In 690, Kh20N16AG6, In52MSS alloys in Auger spectrometer JAMP-9500F for determination of the probability of saturation of the free surface (as grain boundary model) with sulphur from the solid solution. Results obtained without removing the samples from the chamber, stage-by-stage heating up to 800°C with determination of element content every 100°C. Findings: It is shown that sulphur has the tendency of diffusing to the interface from the middle of the grain body and forming segregations in the form of a monolayer even at its slight (0.00015 wt.%) content in the alloy. Research limitations/implications: Presence of actively diffusing impurities (C, O, H, S, P), dissolved in the metal, in the case of a gradient of temperatures and stresses, leads to redistribution of these impurities between the solid solution and surface of the sample, or solid solution and grain boundaries (interface). According to the obtained data, change of elemental composition proceeds within 0.5-1 nm from the grain boundary or from the sample surface and leads to formation of monolayers. Practical implications: To prevent the formation of cracks it is necessary not only to reduce the content of impurity elements in the alloy, but to prevent moving them to the boundary of grains and creating mono layers. Originality/value: For the selected alloys, the formation of monolayers is the most intensive at temperatures of 700-800° that coincides with DTR in the temperature range of 0.6-0.8 Ts. Such monolayers can lead to ductility dip cracks formation.

2

Influence of solution heat treatment on the microstructure and hardness of a high carbon alloy from the Ni-Co-Cr-Ta-Al system

Biała P.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 87, nr 1

5--11

EN

Purpose: The main purpose of this paper was to determine the influence of the temperature of solution heat treatment on the microstructure and hardness of the newly designed model alloy, intended for working at high temperatures. Design/methodology/approach: A mass weighing approx. 1 kg was test melted in a vacuum furnace and cast into a ceramic mould. Samples for investigations were solution heat treated at the temperature range of 1020-1170°C. After heating to the desired temperature, the samples were held at this temperature for 2 hours and then water-cooled. Findings: The main constituents of the microstructure of the Ni-Co-Cr-Ta-Al-C alloy in as-cast state are: the γ phase, which constitutes the matrix, the γ’ phase (γ’ phase occurs as fine globular precipitates) as well as primary TaC and Cr7C3 carbides. Irregularly shaped primary carbides are uniformly distributed and do not form agglomerates. Solution heat treatment of the investigated alloy at exceedingly higher temperatures causes a slow decrease of chromium primary carbides. Research limitations/implications: Taking into account the chemical composition of the investigated alloy, it is reasonable to expect the heat treatment should improve its properties. At 1020°C, γ’ phase precipitations dissolve and it is possible to achieve a super saturated solid solution matrix. Next, correct aging treatment should by applied. Practical implications: A new model alloy which allows to design a new material for high temperature applications. Originality/value: New chemical compositions and microstructure of Ni-based materials for high temperature application with high carbon contents. Additionally, the new alloy is strengthened not only by a high carbon volume fraction but also by intermetallic phases.

3

Influence of solution heat treatment on the microstructure and hardness of the Ni-Ta-Al alloy with a high carbon content

Bała P.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2014

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Vol. 35, nr 2

78--81

EN

The main purpose of the hereby paper was to determine temperature and time of solution heat treatment influence on a microstructure and hardness of the newly designed model alloy for operations at high temperature. A test melt of a mass of approximately 1 kg was performed in a vacuum furnace, and cast into a ceramic mould. The microstructure of the investigated material was examined by means of the Axiovert 200 MAT light microscope and the FIB Zeiss NEON 40EsB CrossBeam scanning electron microscope. Samples for investigations were solution heat treated in the temperature range 1020÷1170°C. After heating to the desired temperature they were hold at this temperature for 0.5 or for 2 hours and then water-cooled. The main constituents of the microstructure of the Ni-Ta-Al-C alloy in as-cast state are: the γ phase, which constitutes the matrix, the γ' phase (γ' phase occurs as fine globular precipitates) as well as primary Ta carbides of MC type. Primary carbides of irregular shapes are uniformly distributed not forming agglomerates. Solution heat treatment of the investigated alloy from higher and higher temperature causes a slow increase of a graphite fraction. Taking into account the chemical composition of the investigated alloy the possibility of improving its properties by means of the heat treatment should not be expected. In the first place the fraction of carbide forming elements should be increased to eliminate graphite, and secondly the fraction of elements forming γ' phase should be increased to obtain the possibility of the modification of properties by means of solution heat treatment and aging. Nonetheless, the achieved results will be utilised at the chemical composition modification of Ni-based alloys of a high carbon content.

PL

W pracy opisano wpływ temperatury i czasu przesycania na mikrostrukturę i twardość stopu modelowego na osnowie niklu, o dużym stężeniu węgla (0,81%), przewidywanego do pracy w wysokiej temperaturze. Wytop próbny o masie około 1 kg wykonano w piecu próżniowym i odlano do ceramicznej formy. Obserwacje mikrostruktury wykonano za pomocą mikroskopu świetlnego Axiovert 200 MAT oraz elektronowego mikroskopu skaningowego FIB Zeiss NEON 40EsB CrossBeam. Próbki do badań przesycano z zakresu temperatury 1020÷1170°C. Po nagrzaniu do określonej temperatury próbki wygrzewano przez 0,5 godz. lub 2 godz., a następnie chłodzono w wodzie. Dla każdej próbki określono udział objętościowy węglików oraz grafitu. Mikrostruktura badanego stopu w stanie po odlaniu jest złożona z osnowy γ, fazy γ' oraz rozmieszczonych w obszarach międzydendrytycznych węglików pierwotnych tantalu typu MC. Węgliki pierwotne o nieregularnym podłużnym kształcie i zróżnicowanej wielkości są rozmieszczone równomiernie, nie tworząc aglomeratów. Opisano wpływ temperatury i czasu przesycania na mikrostrukturę oraz twardość badanego stopu. Stwierdzono, że przesycanie badanego stopu z coraz to wyższej temperatury powoduje rozpuszczanie węglików pierwotnych tantalu, rozrost byłych obszarów dendrytycznych, pozostaje jednak bez wyraźnego wpływu na udział grafitu, który tylko nieznacznie zwiększa się w odniesieniu do stanu po odlaniu. Badany stop jest stopem modelowym. Jego skład chemiczny nie pozwala na poprawę jego własności za pomocą obróbki cieplnej. Aby uzyskać możliwość modyfikacji jego własności w wyniku obróbki cieplnej w pierwszej kolejności należałoby zwiększyć udział pierwiastków węglikotwórczych, aby wyeliminować grafit, a w drugiej udział pierwiastków tworzących fazę γ'. Wyniki badań osiągnięte w pracy posłużą do projektowania nowych stopów na osnowie niklu o dużym stężeniu węgla.

4

The Dilatometric Analysis of the High Carbon Alloys from Ni-Ta-Al-M System

Bała P.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2014

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Vol. 59, iss. 3

977--980

EN

In the following work presents results of high carbon alloys from the Ni-Ta-Al-M system are presented. The alloys have been designed to have a good tribological properties at elevated temperatures. Despite availability of numerous hot work tool materials there is still a growing need for new alloys showing unique properties, which could be used under heavy duty conditions, i.e. at high temperatures, in a chemically aggressive environment and under heavy wear conditions. A characteristic, coarse-grained dendritic microstructure occurs in the investigated alloys in the as-cast condition. Primary dendrites with secondary branches can be observed. Tantalum carbides of MC type and graphite precipitations are distributed in interdendritic spaces in the Ni-Ta-Al-C and Ni-Ta-Al-C-Co alloys, while Tantalum carbides of MC type and Chromium carbides of M3C2 type appeared in the Ni-Ta-Al-C-Co-Cr and Ni-Ta-Al-C-Cr alloys. In all alloys γ’ phase is present, however, its volume fraction in the Ni-Ta-Al-C and Ni-Ta-Al-C-Co alloys is small. During heating from as-cast state in Ni-Ta-Al-C and Ni-Ta-Al-C-Co alloys, the beginning of the tantalum carbides precipitation process (MC type) followed (or simultaneous) by the intermetallic phase precipitation (γ’ – Ni3(AlTa)) was stated, while in Ni-Ta-Al-C-Co-Cr and Ni-Ta-Al-C-Cr alloys, besides Tantalum carbides also the Chromium carbides precipitation occurred. It means that the investigated alloys were partially supersaturated in as-cast state. Above 1050°C in all investigated alloys the γ’ phase is dissolving. In addition, the precipitation of secondary carbides during slow cooling was occured.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań nowych stopów z układu Ni-Ta-Al-M o dużym stężeniu węgla. Stopy te zostały zaprojektowane do pracy w wysokiej temperaturze i w warunkach silnego zużycia tribologicznego. Pomimo, że istnieje wiele materiałów narzędziowych do pracy na gorąco wciąż istnieje silna potrzeba poszukiwania nowych materiałów o unikatowych własnościach, które mogłyby pracować w bardzo trudnych warunkach, tj. wysokiej temperaturze, agresywnym chemicznie środowisku i w warunkach silnego zużycia tribologicznego. W stanie po odlaniu badane stopy cechują się charakterystyczną budową dendrytyczną. Widoczne są pierwszo i drugorzędowe dendryty. W stopach Ni-Ta-Al-C i Ni-Ta-Al-C-Co w obszarach międzydendrytycznych rozmieszczone są węgliki tantalu typu MC oraz grafit, natomiast w stopach Ni-Ta-Al-C-Co-Cr i Ni-Ta-Al-C-Cr węgliki tantalu typu MC oraz węgliki chromu typu Cr7C3. We wszystkich stopach występuje faza γ’, choć jej udział objętościowy w stopach Ni-Ta-Al-C i Ni-Ta-Al-C-Co jest nieduży. Podczas nagrzewania ze stanu lanego w stopach Ni-Ta-Al-C i Ni-Ta-Al-C-Co stwierdzono wydzielanie węglików wtórnych tantalu typu MC z następnym (lub równoczesnym) wydzielaniem fazy (γ’ – Ni3(AlTa)). Natomiast w stopach Ni-Ta-Al-C-Co-Cr i Ni-Ta-Al-C-Cr oprócz węglików wtórnych tantalu wydzielają się węgliki wtórne chromu. Oznacza to, że badane stopy w stanie po odlaniu były w stanie częściowego przesycenia. Powyżej 1050°C we wszystkich badanych stopach rozpuszczają się wydzielenia fazy γ’. Wtórne wydzielanie węglików stwierdzono również podczas wolnego chłodzenia od temperatury 1200°C.

5

Własności tribologiczne stopów z układu Ni-Ta-Al-M o dużej zawartości węgla

Bała P., Krawczyk J., Madej M.

Tribologia

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2012

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nr 3

21-28

PL

W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono ocenę własności tribologicznych stopów z układu Ni-Ta-Al-M o dużej zawartości węgla. Materiały te zaprojektowano do pracy w wysokich temperaturach w warunkach silnego zużycia tribologicznego oraz agresywnego chemicznie środowiska. Omówiono mikrostrukturę badanych stopów po odlaniu i po obróbce cieplnej oraz określono rodzaj i udział objętościowy węglików. Badania tribologiczne wykonano w temperaturze pokojowej, w stanie po odlaniu oraz po obróbce cieplnej celem określenia roli węglików w mechanizmie zużycia. Określono wpływ obciążenia i czasu trwania próby na parametry tribologiczne ww. stopów. Dla wszystkich wariantów testów tribologicznych wyznaczono wielkość zużycia, współczynnik tarcia oraz określono mechanizm zużycia.

EN

In the paper, the two alloys from Ni-Ta-Al-M system with high carbon content, strengthened by intermetallic compounds, are presented. The chemical compositions of the new materials were designed in such a way as to obtain matrix strengthening by means of the precipitation of intermetallic compounds rich in Ni as well as Al and Ta and having the carbide fraction above 20%. Carbides should remain stable in the microstructure, regardless of the heat treatment, since they favourably influence an abrasion resistance. Tools use for special application made of these materials should primarily have good tribological properties at elevated temperatures. The microstructures and carbides volume fraction of investigated alloys are described. The tribological tests were performed at ambient temperature to determined the role of the carbides in the wear mechanism. The wear level, coefficient of wear, and wear mechanism for all investigated alloys, are described.

6

Microstructure Characterization of High Carbon Alloy from the Ni-Ta-Al-Co-Cr System

Bała P.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2012

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Vol. 57, iss. 4

937-941

EN

In the present work results of investigations of the new high carbon alloy from the Ni-Ta-Al-Co-Cr system are presented. The alloy has been designed to have a good tribological properties at elevated temperatures. The chemical composition of this material was designed to obtain a matrix strengthening by the precipitation of γ phase (Ni3(Al,Ta)) and the primary carbides volume fraction above 25%. The primary carbides should remain stable in the microstructure, regardless of the heat treatment, in order to increase a wear resistance. The results of microstructure investigations in the as-cast condition are presented. The type of phases appearing in the microstructure was determined and their morphology described. The main microstructure components of the investigated Ni-based alloy with high carbon, cobalt and chromium content are: the γ phase, which constitutes a matrix, the γ phase, which occurs as fine globular precipitates and the primary Ta and Cr carbides (of MC and M7C3 type - respectively).

PL

W pracy przedstawiono nowy stop na osnowie niklu o dużym stężeniu węgla, przewidywany do pracy w wysokiej temperaturze i w warunkach silnego zużycia tribologicznego. Skład chemiczny nowego materiału zaprojektowano tak, aby umocnienie osnowy uzyskać w wyniku wydzielania fazy γ (Ni3(Al,Ta)), a udział węglików pierwotnych wynosił ponad 25%. Węgliki powinny pozostać stabilne w mikrostrukturze niezależnie od obróbki cieplnej, wpływając korzystnie na odporność na ścieranie. Zamieszczono wyniki badan mikrostruktury stopu w stanie lanym. Określono rodzaj faz występujących w mikrostrukturze oraz opisano ich morfologie. Głównymi składnikami mikrostruktury badanego stopu na osnowie Ni, o dużej zawartości węgla, kobaltu i chromu są: faza γ (która stanowi osnowę) faza γ (która występuje w postaci drobnych kulistych wydzieleń) oraz pierwotne węgliki Ta (typu MC) i Cr (M7C3).

7

Microstructure characterization of Ni-Ta-Al alloy with high carbon conten

Bała P.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2011

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Vol. 49, nr 2

142--149

EN

Purpose: The Ni-Ta-Al alloys with high carbon content, strengthened by intermetallic phases, designed for application in high temperatures is presented in the hereby paper. The proposed chemical composition and the results of microstructure investigations as well as hardness in as-cast and after heat treatment condition - are given. Design/methodology/approach: A test melt of a mass of approximately 1 kg was made in a vacuum furnace, and cast into a ceramic mould. The microstructure of the investigated material was examined by a light microscope Axiovert 200 MAT and the scanning electron microscope FIB Zeiss NEON 40EsB CrossBeam. The heat treatment was performed using the DT 1000 dilatometer made by Adamel Lhomargy, the French Company. Findings: The main constituents of the microstructure of the Ni-Ta-Al investigated alloy are: the y phase (matrix), the y' phase (fine globular precipitates) and as well as primary Ta carbides of MC type and graphite. Primary carbides of irregular shapes are uniformly distributed and not forming agglomerates. Research limitations/implications: Identification of microstructure components on Ni-Ta-Al with high carbon content materials strengthened by intermetallic phases. Practical implications: The new model alloy which allows to design a new material for high temperatures applications. Originality/value: The new chemical compositions and microstructure of high temperature application Ni based materials with high carbon content. Additionally the new alloy, except high carbon volume fraction, is strengthened by intermetallic phases.

8

New tool materials based on Ni alloys strengthened by inter-metallic compounds

Bała P.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2010

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Vol. 31, nr 3

633-636

EN

The concept of new tool materials, based on Ni alloys strengthened by intermetallic compounds, intended for operations in high temperatures is presented in the hereby paper. The proposed chemical composition and the results of microstructure investigations as well as hardness testing in as-cast condition - are given. The chemical composition of this new material was designed in such a way as to obtain the matrix strengthening by means of the precipitation of intermetallic compounds rich in Ni and to have the carbide fraction of 8÷12%. Carbides should remain stable in the microstructure - regardless of the heat treatment - since they favourably influence an abrasion resistance. The type of phases appearing in the microstructure was determined and their morphology described.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono koncepcję nowych materiałów narzędziowych na osnowie niklu, umacnianych związkami faz międzymetalicznych, przewidywanych do pracy w wysokiej temperaturze. Zamieszczono projekt ich składu chemicznego i wyniki badań mikrostruktury oraz twardości w stanie lanym. Skład chemiczny nowego materiału zaprojektowano tak, aby umocnienie osnowy uzyskać w wyniku wydzielania związków metalicznych bogatych w Ni, a udział węglików wynosił 8÷12%. Węgliki powinny pozostać stabilne w mikrostrukturze niezależnie od obróbki cieplnej, wpływając korzystnie na odporność na ścieranie. Określono rodzaj faz występujących w mikrostrukturze oraz opisano ich morfologię.

9

Microstructural characterization of the new tool Ni-based alloy with high carbon and chromium content

Bała P.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2010

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Vol. 55, iss. 4

1053-1059

EN

The concept of new tool materials, based on Ni alloys strengthened by intermetallic compounds, intended for applications at high temperatures is presented in the paper. The chemical composition of this new material was designed in such a way as to obtain the matrix strengthening by means of the precipitation of intermetallic compounds rich in Ni and to have the carbide fraction above 25%. Carbides should remain stable in the microstructure, regardless of the heat treatment, since they favourably influence an abrasion resistance. The results of microstructure investigations in the as-cast condition, are given. The type of phases appearing in the microstructure was determined and their morphology described. The main microstructure components of the investigated Ni-based alloy with high carbon and chromium content are: the γ phase, which constitutes a matrix, the γ' phase, which occurs as fine globular precipitates and the primary Ta and Cr carbides (of MC and M7C3 type - respectively).

PL

W pracy przedstawiono koncepcję nowych materiałów narzędziowych na osnowie niklu umacnianych związkami faz międzymetalicznych, przewidywanych do pracy w wysokich temperaturach. Skład chemiczny nowego materiału zaprojektowano tak, aby umocnienie osnowy uzyskać w wyniku wydzielania związków metalicznych bogatych Ni, a udział węglików wynosił ponad 25%. Węgliki powinny pozostać stabilne w mikrostrukturze niezależnie od obróbki cieplnej, wpływając korzystnie na odporność na ścieranie. Zamieszczono badania mikrostruktury stopu wstanie lanym. Określono rodzaj faz występujących w mikrostrukturze oraz opisano ich morfologię. Głównymi składnikami mikrostruktury badanego stopu na osnowie Ni, o dużej zawartości węgla i chromu są: faza γ, która stanowi osnowę, faza γ', która występuje w postaci drobnych kulistych wydzieleń oraz pierwotne węgliki Ta (typu MC) i Cr (M7C3).

10

A production attempt of selected metallic glasses with Fe and Ni matrix

Pilarczyk W., Nowosielski R., Babilas R.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2010

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Vol. 41, nr 1

5-12

EN

Purpose: This paper tends to present the microstructure characterization and thermal analysis of the Fe- and Ni-based bulk metallic materials. Design/methodology/approach: The studies were carried out on bulk metallic materials as rods. The rods of the Fe57.6Co7.2Ni7.2B19.2Si4.8Nb4 and Ni64.8Co7.2B19.2Si4.8Nb4 alloys were obtained by the pressure die casting. In order to investigate the structure scanning electron microscopy were used. Phase composition of obtained rods was determined by means of diffractometer. The thermal properties of the studied alloys were examined by differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Findings: The x-ray analysis, microscopic observation and thermal examination revealed that the studied as-cast bulk metallic materials were of amorphous, crystalline and mixed structure. Broad diffraction halo can be seen for rods with diameter of ø=1.5 and 2mm of Fe57.6Co7.2Ni7.2B19.2Si4.8Nb4 alloy. The replacement of Fe by Ni created crystalline structure. Practical implications: Fe- and Ni-based bulk metallic glass systems have been developed because they offer great potential for commercial application. Fe-based ferromagnetic bulk glassy alloys exhibit great magnetic properties. It is very important for their magnetic applications. That alloys can be used as soft electro-magnetic cores for choke coil or noise filter. Ni-based bulk metallic glasses exhibit excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Originality/value: The formation and studies of the casted Fe- and Ni-based bulk materials and investigation of the effectiveness of the replacement of Fe by Ni.

11

Microstructure studies of ball milled and vacuum hot pressed NiZrTiAl powders

Dutkiewicz J., Maziarz W., Litynska L., Molnárová M., Kováčová A.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2007

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Vol. 28, nr 11

645-648

EN

Purpose: To determine microstructure and hardness of hot pressed mechanically alloyed MA NiZrTiAl powders well known as a good glass formers. Design/methodology/approach: Powders has been ball milled r 40 hours starting from pure elements. Changes of particle's size and crystallographic structure of nanocrystals embedded in the amorphous matrix during milling has been determined using High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy HRTEM. Findings: The MA particles first grow, then decrease after 40 hours of milling, when powders possess amorphous structure. HRTEM studies of powders allowed to reveal small nanocrystals of NiTi2 within milled powders which were not detected using X-Ray diffraction. The powders show crystallization peak at temperature Tx near 553*C. Consolidation of powders was performed under vacuum using uniaxial hot pressing method at temperature slightly below Tx. Mean microhardness was determined near 430 HV and the mean Young's modulus as 81 GPa. Practical implications: It was shown a possibility of hot densification in vacuum of amorphous Ni base alloys allowing to obtain bulk amorphous compacts with embedded nanocrystals. Originality/value: The size and structure of nanmocrystals within the amorphous matrix after MA and after hot vacuum densification has been determined. The microhardness and Young's modulus of compacts show perspectives of application of such materials.