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Earliest cereal cultivation in Egypt recorded in the Faiyum Oasis lake deposits and its palaeoclimatic context

Welc Fabian, Marks Leszek, Milecka Krystyna

Geological Quarterly

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2023

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Vol. 67, No. 2

art. no. 21

EN

We determine the beginning of the Neolithic farming in northern Egypt, based on analysis of core FA-1 of lake deposits in the Faiyum Oasis in northern Egypt. Regular lamination of the early Middle Holocene lake deposits, supported by radiocarbon dating and pollen analysis, indicates the earliest occurrence of domesticated cereals at ~7.8 cal ka BP in this region. The appearance of cereals in the Faiyum region was possible due to fundamental restructuring of regional climatic conditions caused by the changing atmospheric circulation in the eastern Mediterranean region. Stronger northwestern winds were accompanied by increased precipitation in winter and enabled 3 farming phases in the Faiyum Oasis at 7.8–7.6, 7.4–7.2 and 7.0–6.8 cal ka BP, separated by arid episodes with predominant southern winds. Most probably, cereal cultivation concentrated inside local wadis to the north of the lake and was rainfall-dependent. Therefore, early Egyptian farming did not develop based on irrigation systems as commonly thought, but was rain-fed, this being possible due to marked climate change at the beginning of the Middle Holocene.

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Megality kujawskie : pierwszy etap badań geologicznych zabytków sprzed 5500 lat

Ruszkowski Michał

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2021

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Vol. 69, nr 2

97--99

EN

In the Kujawy region central Poland, near the villages of Wietrzychowice and Sarnowo, there are the largest megalithic tombs in Europe (the so-called Kujawskie Tombs), with a length of ~18 m to ~150 m. They date back to the Funnel Beaker Culture (3700-1900 BC). These are the largest earth and rock structures from the Neolithic period. Several thousand erratic boulders left behind by the sheet were used for their construction. Until now, they have not been the subject of geological and geophysical research. This paper presents the preliminary results of fieldwork carried out in the seasons of 2017, 2018 and 2019.

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Lithic Technology and Origin of the Stone Raw Material from the Guenfouda Cave (Jerada Province, Eastern Morocco)

Souhir Mohamed, Cruz Sergio Almisas, Aouraghe Hassan, Mhamdi Hicham

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 8

258--277

EN

The Guenfouda cave is located 30 km south of the city of Oujda in the Jbel Metssila belonging to the Oujda Mountains. It was recognized as a site of archaeological interest in 2003. Excavations are scheduled every year, and important archaeological material (lithic, faunal and human) has been brought to light. A first study on the lithic industry was carried out by S. Almisas and M. Souhir [2018] under the title of "New studies on the lithic industry of the Neolithic deposits of the Oujda Mountains. Raw material and technology" [Reg.03 "Upper Pleistocene and Holocene cognitive complexity & archaeogenetics in North Africa" 15th PANAF Conférence, Rabat 2018]. The study is based on technological techniques, the typology of cut products and also on the origin of the raw material used. The lithic industry is abundant, well preserved in all levels and phases of the operating chain are present, indicating debitage in situ in the cave. The artefacts are brought back to the Neolithic for the upper levels, then to the final Upper Paleolithic (or Epipaleolithic) for the lower levels, marked by a change in culture with the appearance of back-to-body lamellae. The first analyses of the raw material used by prehistoric man in this cave, in particular the flint, generally comes from the Swimina area, located to the south of the Oued El Hay basin (Ain Béni Mathar). The limestones come from the surroundings of the mountains of ‘Oujda, plains and wadis. As for the basalt, it comes from an ancient Quaternary volcano located near the cave at the top of Jebel Metssila. In turn, quartzites, phtanites, silicified green schist and tuffite, they come from the Paleozoic buttonholes of Glib Naam and jbel boussofane (Province of Jerada). Given the information above, it appears that the man from Guenfouda may have used various rocks for the manufacturing of tools, and would have traveled distances of up to 60 km in radius to stock up on raw material, especially flint.

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Gabinet zabytków w Instytucie Archeologii UMK : małe muzeum

Połeć Hanna, Raś Maria

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2019

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Vol. 67, nr 8

678--680

EN

In the Archaeology Institute of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń there is a room fitted with a interesting way. The cabinet of relics is a unique scientific idea of presenting objects that were acquired during excavations. In the cabinet there are numerous gathered relics that were found in the Polish land. The oldest are dated to 100 000years. The objects were made of different materials, including wood, metal, or antlers, bones and clay.

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Marble from Neolithic quarries at the Bílý Kámen Hill near Sázava (Central Bohemia, Czech Republic) and its petrographic-geochemical characterization

Přichystal Antonín, Burgert Pavel, Gadas Petr

Geological Quarterly

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2019

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Vol. 63, No. 4

811--821

EN

The longest known prehistoric quarries for non-siliceous (non-flint) rocks in continental Europe were discovered on the Bílý Kámen Hill in central Bohemia (Czech Republic) already in the period between the World Wars. Due to post-war events, this has been all but forgotten, and awareness of this important locality still exists only in the local research community. Its research potential has not yet been exhausted. The article presents the first exact mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the raw material extracted in these prehistoric quarries. The raw material is fundamentally different from some of the marble artefacts from nearby workshops. The aim of this research is to create a solid foundation for the future detailed study of prehistoric artefacts made from marble and to review the deep-rooted idea of their distribution within the oldest agricultural communities in Central Europe.

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Unexpected discovery of the Funnel Beaker culture feature at the Kraków Spadzista (Kraków-Zwierzyniec 4) site

Wlczyński Jarosław, Nowak Marek, Mueller-Bieniek Aldona, Kapcia Magda, Moskal-del Hoyo Magdalena

Folia Quaternaria

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2019

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nr 87

5--26

EN

The paper presents a Neolithic feature discovered in trench G of the widely-known Paleolithic Gravettian site at Kraków Spadzista. Pottery and lithic artefacts as well as archaeobotanical data and radiocarbon dates demonstrate the existence of a stable human occupation with an agricultural economy. Due to the small number of distinctive fragments of pottery, both the Wyciąże-Złotniki group and the Funnel Beaker culture have to be taken into account in the discussion on the cultural attribution of the feature. The obtained absolute dates make a connection with the latter unit more probable.

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The Baden Culture finds from Goszcza site 1 (Kielnik): new archaeological, anthropological, archaeozoological and archaeobotanical data

Nowak Maciej, Wilczyński Jarosław, Wróbel Jarosław, Kapcia Magda, Moskal-del Hoyo Magdalena

Folia Quaternaria

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2019

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nr 87

27--58

EN

In spring 2019, rescue excavations were conducted at Goszcza 1 (Kielnik) site in connection with construction of a dwelling house. As a result, eleven archaeological features of various chronology were identified. The most abundant materials, dating to the Late Classic period of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland (the end of the 4th millennium and the beginning of the 3th millennium BC), were found in four pits. At the bottom of two features (nos 4 and 6) human skeletons were discovered. In the present study, only materials discovered in features attributed to the Baden culture are discussed, including pottery finds, flint artefacts, and fragments of human and animal bones. Macroscopic plant remains coming from three archaeological features have also been investigated.

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Archaeobotanical analysis of abundant cereal finds from Kraków Nowa Huta Mogiła 62 – getting back to the old story

Kapcia M., Mueller-Bieniek A.

Folia Quaternaria

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2018

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nr 86

217--231

EN

A large assemblage of charred cereal grains was found at the multicultural site Kraków Nowa Huta Mogiła 62 during a rescue excavations performed in the late 1960s. It provided valuable source of material for archaeobotanical and stable isotope studies. Both current botanical analyses of six subsamples and new radiocarbon dates of the top and the bottom of the layer indicated their Middle Neolithic origin (the Funnel Beaker culture). Despite the earlier suspicion that the material was disturbed by the construction work, the field documentation stored in the Archaeological Museum and the new archaeobotanical analyses indicate that the layer with the cereal grains, which was found at the depth of 300–330 cm was in fact, undisturbed. The cereals (mostly emmer with admixture of einkorn) were stored in a form of spikelets (as indicated by proportions of chaff and grains) and the assemblage was a final product of harvest cleaning (as suggested by low number of arable weeds). Values of stable carbon and nitrogen ratios suggest that the storage contained cereals originated from plots of different level of manuring and similar soil moisture, however more isotopic measurements are necessary to confirm that hypothesis. It is also supported by different proportions of taxa in the studied subsamples. Most of the emmer grains were sprouted before charring. We assume the grain was spoilt by excessive humidity of the storage conditions.

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Benefits and weaknesses of radiocarbon dating of plant material as reflected by Neolithic archaeological sites from Poland, Slovakia and Hungary

Nowak M., Moskal-Del Hoyo M., Mueller-Bieniek A., Lityńska-Zając M., Kotynia K.

Geochronometria

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2017

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Vol. 44, no. 1

188--201

EN

Radiocarbon dating of the plant material is important for chronology of archaeological sites. Therefore, a selection of suitable plant samples is an important task. The contribution emphasizes the necessity of taxonomical identification prior to radiocarbon dating as a crucial element of such selection. The benefits and weaknesses of dating of taxonomically undetermined and identified samples will be analysed based on several case studies referring to Neolithic sites from Hungary, Slovakia and Poland. These examples better illustrate the significance of the taxonomical identification since plant materials of the Neolithic age include only a limited number of cultivated species (e.g. hulled wheats) and typically do not contain remains of late arrived plants (e.g. Carpinus betulus and Fagus sylvatica). For more accurate dating results cereal grains, fruits and seeds, which reflect a single vegetative season, are preferred. Among charred wood, fragments of twigs, branches and external rings should mainly be taken into account, while those of trunks belonging to long-lived trees should be avoided. Besides the absolute chronology of archaeological features and artefacts, radiocarbon dating of identified plant remains might significantly contribute to the history of local vegetation and food production systems.

10

Use-wear analysis of flint artefacts from the barrows of the Corded Ware Culture in Ulów

Pyżewicz K.

Folia Quaternaria

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2017

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nr 85

117--134

EN

As part of the interdisciplinary research conducted in the settlement microregion in the area of Ulów in central Roztocze (south-east Poland), a complex of late Neolithic Corded Ware Culture barrows was discovered. Apart from numerous ceramic items, grave inventories included flint artefacts, some of which underwent use-wear analysis in order to identify their potential function, and production techniques. This paper presents detailed results of use-wear analysis of arrowheads, blade and flake specimens, and axes discovered in four barrows located at sites 3 and 4 in Ulów.

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Climatic influences on appearance and development of Neolithic cultures in southern outskirts of Carpathian basin

Botic K.

Studia Quaternaria

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2016

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Vol. 33, Nr 1

11--26

EN

Southern outskirts of Carpathian basin, namely the region between Sava, Drava and Danube rivers, have specific climate conditions today partially influenced by geological structure and geographical position. In this region Neolithic Starèevo and Sopot cultures are observed. Radiocarbon dates for Neolithic cultures are used to build a time frame which is compared with climate proxies, especially with Holocene rapid climate events (8.2, 5.9 and 4.2 ka), to draw a conclusion on when and how these cultures developed in southern regions of Carpathian basin. Lacking firm geoarchaeological data the results are not conclusive but can provide some insight on how the climate may have directly and indirectly influenced development of Neolithic and beginning of Eneolithic period in the region.

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Polgár-Bosnyákdomb, a Late Neolithic tell-like settlement on Polgár Island (NE Hungary). Preliminary results of the investigations

Raczky P., Anders A.

Folia Quaternaria

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2016

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nr 84

99--122

EN

In this study, we summarise the preliminary results of thirty years of investigations at the Polgár-Bosnyákdomb site. The significance of the site located on the one-time bank of the Tisza River is that it lies no more than 5 km away from the well-known Polgár-Csőszhalom settlement complex. One of our goals was to investigate the relation between the settlements in the Polgár Island micro-region and to identify the similarities and differences between them. It is quite obvious that with its estimated 70 hectares large extent, Polgár-Csőszhalom was a dominant settlement complex in this landscape during the earlier fifth millennium, while the Bosnyákdomb settlement, represented an entirely different scale with its 8 hectares and had a different role during this period. The AMS dates provide convincing evidence that the two settlements had been occupied simultaneously during one period of their lives. Despite their spatial proximity and chronological contemporaneity, the two settlements had a differing structural layout. Although both had a prominent stratified settlement mound that was separated from the single-layer settlement part by a ditch, the system of the ditches, their structure and, presumably, their social use differed substantially. This would suggest that each community constructed its settlement and architectural structures according to different spatial rules in the different locations of Polgár Island. Despite the spatial differences, we could identify traces of similar community events on the settlement mounds at Bosnyákdomb and Csőszhalom such as the recurring practice of house burning. Despite the smaller excavated areas, we identified wholly different mortuary practices at Bosnyákdomb, diverging fundamentally from the funerary rites practiced at Csőszhalom. The bones of the deceased were secondarily deposited into the ditch of the central mound. The various cultural features discussed in the above indicate that the community responses of the groups settling and living in the Polgár area during the Late Neolithic to the environmental challenges of the land around them were embodied by a set of distinctive cultural behaviours. Nevertheless, certain elements in the colourful diversity of material features and their different levels outline the structure of a micro-regional network with Csőszhalom in its centre in the Upper Tisza region.

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Plant remains from the Late Neolithic settlement of Polgár-Bosnyákdomb

Moskal-del Hoyo M., Lityńska-Zając M.

Folia Quaternaria

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2016

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nr 84

85--98

EN

Charred plant remains were recovered at the Polgár-Bosnyákdomb site dated to the Middle Neolithic period (the Tisza–Herpály–Csőszhalom culture), corresponding to the first half of the Vth millenium BC. Among cultivated plants found as dispersed within the archaeological features and in daub pieces, remains of emmer wheat Triticum dicoccon were the most frequent. Also, leguminous plants were used as demonstrated by seeds of lentil Lens culinaris. Among wild herbaceous plants, taxa of field and ruderal habitats prevailed (Chenopodium type album, Galium spurium, Polygnum mite and Bromus sp.) as well as those coming from dry grasslands (Stipa sp.). The analysis of charcoal remains showed that mostly wood belonging to Quercus sp., Ulmus sp. and Cornus sp. were collected as firewood from the proximity of the settlement, mainly from oak-dominated wooded steppes developed on the elevated surfaces and floodplain forests from the seasonally flooded alluvium. The most frequently found plant remains (Cornus sp. wood and Stipa sp. awns) were dated with the means of radiocarbon analysis and the chronology showed their use at the end of the settlement, toward the middle of the Vth millenium BC.

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Chipped and ground stone implements from the Middle Neolithic site of Polgár 31 (north-east Hungary)

Kaczanowska M., Kozłowski J. K., Sümegi P.

Folia Quaternaria

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2016

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nr 84

5--66

EN

The site of Polgár 31 (Ferenci-hát) is situated on the left bank of the Upper Tisza, within the so-called “Polgár Island”. The site consists of single features dated at the Alföld Linear Pottery Culture (ALP) I-III, while the majority of features belong to the youngest phase (ALP IV) attached to the Bükk Culture. Our analysis focuses on both the chipped stone and the ground stone implements. The most important raw material used for the chipped stone industry of ALP IV phase was obsidian, followed by limno-hydroquartzites. Extra local raw materials played a minor role. Both in the case of obsidian as well as limnohydroquartzites on-site production was limited, while most artefacts were produced off-site. The structure of retouched tools shows that end-scrapers dominate slightly over marginally retouched blades. The most commonly exploited raw material in the ground stone industry were various types of rhyolites deriving from the areas 40 to 50 km north of the site. Among tools predominate implements related to food preparation such as a variety of grinding stones, pestles, grinders etc. As part of rituals these tools were destroyed. Sometimes the fragments were used for crushing mineral dyes. Both: fragments of ground stone as well as chipped stone tools occur also in the graves.

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Radiocarbon pottery dating: the chemical compounds of organic fractions, the reliability of 14C dates (preliminary results)

Zaytseva G. I., Skakovskii E. D., Possnert G.

Geochronometria

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2012

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Vol. 39, no. 4

233-240

EN

In recent times, a large number of radiocarbon dates appeared for the Southern Neolithic on the basis of pottery dating because other organic matter has practically not been preserved. There are two organic fractions of pottery useful for dating: food residues and carbon from the pottery matrix itself. Food residues are often dated, but this material is not always preserved and is prone to being removed during the cleaning of the pottery. The clay mass of the pottery contains carbon, often directly visible upon breaking of the pottery. The article focusses on determining the chemical com-position of the organic fractions in the pottery and the origin of the carbon. For this aim we used the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method to identify the chemical compounds in the food residue and in the pottery matrix. As an example we used pottery from the Neolithic sites: Zamost'e (Central Russia) and the Varfolomeevskay sites (Southern European Russia, Low Volga region) from archaeological collections. The results obtained demonstrate that the food residue and the pottery matrix contain practically the same organic compounds, even if the relative abundances of various compounds are different in these materials. The origin of the carbon from pottery is discussed.

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Diagenetic signals from ancient human remains - bioarchaeological applications

Szostek K., Stepańczak B., Szczepanek A., Kępa M., Głąb H., Jarosz P., Włodarczak P., Tunia K., Pawlyta J., Paluszkiewicz C., Tylko G.

Mineralogia

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2011

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Vol. 42, iss. 2/3

93--112

EN

This preliminary study examines the potential effects of diagenetic processes on the oxygen-isotope ratios of bone and tooth phosphate (δ18O) from skeletal material of individuals representing the Corded Ware Culture (2500–2400 BC) discovered in Malżyce (Southern Poland). Intra-individual variability of Ca/P, CI, C/P, collagen content (%) and oxygen isotopes was observed through analysis of enamel, dentin and postcranial bones. Using a variety of analytical techniques, it was found that, despite the lack of differences in soil acidity, not all the parts of a skeleton on a given site had been equally exposed to diagenetic post mortem changes. In a few cases, qualitative changes in the FTIR spectrum of analysed bones were observed. The data suggest that apart from quantitative analyses, i.e., the calculation of Ca/P, CI, C/P and collagen content, qualitative analyses such as examination of the absorbance line are recommended. The degree to which a sample is, contaminated on the basis of any additional, non-biogenic peaks, deemed to be contaminated should also be specified.

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Reconstruction of local environments of ancient population in a changeable river valley landscape (the middle Vychegda River, Northern Russia)

Karmanov V. N., Zaretskaya N. E., Panin A. V., Chernov A. V.

Geochronometria

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2011

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Vol. 38, no. 2

128-137

EN

In river valleys, both human occupation and subsequent preservation of archaeological sites are affected by active landscape transformation caused by river lateral migration, inci-sion/aggradation cycles and changes of river hydrological regime. In the middle Vychegda River val-ley (Northern Russia), there are numerous traces of human presence since the Mesolithic. We exploit multi-disciplinary archaeological, geomorphological and geochronological approach to elucidate the environmental preferences of settlements positioning during different epochs of the Holocene. High resolution space image supplemented with data on alluvial stratigraphy derived from bank exposures and hand cores, as well as 51 radiocarbon dates were used to make the geomorphic map showing ages of floodplain/terrace segments and palaeochannels. Using this map together with sediment facial in-terpretation, position of archaeological sites was analysed in the context of local geomorphic and hy-drologic situation. The majority of archaeological sites and modern settlements are found on terraces at river banks or at oxbow lakes which were well connected to the river. Few exceptions from this rule may be explained by seasonal character of dwelling functioning, ritual burial practice or speciali-zation of settlements. Geomorphic situation was used as a background for planning further prospec-tion of different-age archaeological objects.

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Ewolucja doliny Darżyńskiej Strugi jako efekt procesów naturalnych i antropogenicznych

Florek W., Majewski M., Machajewski H., Gałka M., Pajewska J.

Landform Analysis

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2008

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Vol. 7

43--52

PL

Badany obszar był przez ponad 30 lat przedmiotem zainteresowań archeologów, którzy odkryli tu wielokulturowe stanowisko obejmujące niemal cały okres od schyłku neolitu po wczesne średniowiecze.Wlatach 80. ubiegłego wieku wykonano pierwsze prace geomorfologiczne i geologiczne, które dały obraz daleko idących zmian dna doliny i ich zboczy, ale nie dały jednoznacznej odpowiedzi na pytanie, jakie przyczyny i w jakim okresie je spowodowały.Wostatnim czasie przeprowadzono rozpoznanie paleobotaniczne, które wskazało przede wszystkim na istnienie wielu luk sedymentacyjnych w osadach organicznych, ale dostarczyło też dowody na znaczne przekształcenia środowiska doliny Darżyńskiej Strugi, które dokonywały się zarówno u schyłku plejstocenu, jak i w średniowieczu.

EN

The investigated area has been researched by archaeologists, who discovered a multi-cultural site spanning the period from the latest Neolithic to the early medieval times, for more than 30 years. The first geomorphological and geological study, carried out in the 1980s, led to the recognition of substantial changes in the morphology of the valley floor and the valley sides, but left the question of their causes open. The more recent palaeobotanical prospecting revealed numerous hiatuses in the organic sedimentary record and indicated considerable environmental change in the Darżyńska Struga valley which took place in the latest Pleistocene and in the Middle Ages.In the latest Pleistocene the direction of meltwater drainage was to the south, using a part of marginal esker depression. After the valley of Łupawa was incepted, meltwater eroded a valley tract which is now the lower reach of the Darżyńska Struga. An erosional pavement (bed armour) originated in this way, currently underlying the valley fill. Parallel to climate change and increase in rainfall, particularly after the climatic optimum, peat accumulation commenced. In the Subboreal period Neolithic settlements were established in the proximity of the valley, quickly followed by intense denudational processes. The respective deposit is sandy diamicton of agricultural origin, prograding from the slopes onto the valley floor. Alluviation took place in the Middle Ages, as testified by pollen analysis and macrofossils from peat sediments, and was the consequence of floods redistributing slope sediments over peaty substratum. In the recent times channelization and drainage works have resulted in water level lowering in both the channel and within the floodplain.

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Age of black coloured laminae within speleothems from Domica cave and its significance for dating of prehistoric human settlement

Gradziński M., Hercman H., Nowak M., Bella P.

Geochronometria

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2007

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Vol. 28

39-45

EN

The paper deals with the black coloured laminae which occur within speleothems in Domica cave (Slovakia). The laminae are composed of non completely carbonized organic compounds and charcoal particles. The components were formed during combustion of plant material, mainly wood, inside the cave. Thus, they are a by-product of human activity inside the cave. The radiocarbon ages of organic fraction of these laminae fall between 6460 and 6640 cal BP and 7160 and 7330 cal BP. These dates indicate that the origin of the laminae is connected with two episodes of prehistoric occupation of the cave. The first one should be related either to later part of Gemer Linear Pottery or to early Bükk culture populations. The second episode refers to the youngest phase of human occupation in Domica cave reflecting the last period of Bükk populations' existence in the Slovak Karst.

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Radiocarbon dating of wetland meso-neolithic archaeological sites within the upper Volga and middle Vychegda

Zaretskaia N. E., Zhilin M. G., Karmanov V. N., Uspenskaya O. N.

Geochronometria

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2005

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Vol. 24

117-131

EN

Wetland sites are widespread through the central and northeastern European Russia. We performed a detailed radiocarbon dating on four such sites within the Upper Volga river basin, and one site within the middle Vychegda river basin (Komi Republic). Most of the sites contain cultural layers documenting human occupation in the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods. A variety of sample types were collected: archaeological (bones, bone artefacts, worked and unworked wood, charcoal, carbon residue etc.) and enclosing organic deposits (peat, gyttja, mud). We paid special attention to the stratigraphic relationship of the samples, concerning their archaeological context. Plant macrofossil analysis of organic deposits was performed towards determining their origin and depositional features. This work resulted in a chronology of full Mesolithic and early Neolithic settling within the Upper Volga area, together with new data on Neolithic settling of the Sub-Ural region.