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Enhancing of Carriers’ Liabilities in the Rotterdam Rules – Too Expensive Costs for Navigational Safety?

Sooksripaisarnkit P.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2014

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Vol. 8, no. 2

309--315

EN

The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea (the ‘Rotterdam Rules’) was adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 11 December 2008. The Rotterdam Rules contain two oft-criticised changes from the existing regime governing international carriage of goods widely adopted among maritime nations, namely the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to Bills of Lading, Brussels, 25 August 1924 (the ‘Hague Rules’) and its subsequent Protocol in 1968 (the ‘Visby Protocol’ or the ‘Hague-Visby Rules’). These changes are, namely, an extension of the carrier’s obligations to maintain seaworthy vessel throughout the voyage (Article 14) and a deletion of an exclusion of carrier’s liabilities due to negligent navigation (Article 17). This paper addresses implications of these changes and assess whether ship-owners and ship-operators can comply with these without having to incur excessive additional expenses.The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea (the ‘Rotterdam Rules’) was adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 11 December 2008. The Rotterdam Rules contain two oft-criticised changes from the existing regime governing international carriage of goods widely adopted among maritime nations, namely the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to Bills of Lading, Brussels, 25 August 1924 (the ‘Hague Rules’) and its subsequent Protocol in 1968 (the ‘Visby Protocol’ or the ‘Hague-Visby Rules’). These changes are, namely, an extension of the carrier’s obligations to maintain seaworthy vessel throughout the voyage (Article 14) and a deletion of an exclusion of carrier’s liabilities due to negligent navigation (Article 17). This paper addresses implications of these changes and assess whether ship-owners and ship-operators can comply with these without having to incur excessive additional expenses.

2

Navigational Safety in SPM (Single Mooring Point) Regions

Paulauskas V.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2009

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Vol. 3, no. 1

101--104

EN

For oil and gas transportation in some places used SPM (Single mooring point) system, this is located in the open sea and very often not so far away from the shore. Differences between the wind loads, waves and current forces can take a place. More complicate conditions can be in case if FSU is still in ballast and more influence has wind and waves as current and in the same time tanker in loaded position is more influenced by the current. Navigational safety ensure in SPM regions requests deep theoretical studies and very clear understanding of forces and moments, which influence on all the system (SPM, FSU, Tanker, tugs), practical implementation of proper equipment and use of correct methods of navigational safety. In this article there is made analysis of possible failures and necessary actions to ensure navigational safety in SPM regions.

3

Maritime Communication to Support Safe Navigation

Fjortoft K. E., Kvamstad B., Bekkadal F.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2009

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Vol. 3, no. 1

87--92

EN

The main objectives of the MarCom project (‘Maritime Communications - broadband at sea’) are to investigate the main user needs and communication technologies requirements to accommodate those needs within the maritime community. The project will carry out several pilots to demonstrate the usability of terrestrial wireless technologies in combination with, and in some areas instead of satellite communication (SatCom). The major benefit to the maritime users are expected to be reduced costs, increased bandwidth, Quality-of-Service (QoS) and improved communication security and versatility. The MarCom approach is characterized by combining thorough investigations of present and future user needs through nine scenarios/user cases along with identification of cost-effective communication platforms to match the application requirements being obtained. The MarCom investigations have revealed the bandwidth needs for a set of application groups, and identified the data integrity requirements for each group. Furthermore this paper is addressing the MarCom work with the IMO/IALA e-Navigation strategic initiative in establishing the bandwidth requirements to obtain the major objectives of the e-Navigation concept.

4

Construction of the Ship’s Technical Failure Model to Assess its Navigational Safety

Gucma L., Gralak R.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2008

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Vol. 2, no. 2

173--176

EN

The ship technical failures contribution in overall number of navigational accidents are significantly smaller than those caused by human factor but in safety analysis they cannot be neglected. The paper presents methodology of modeling the technical failures of ships with respect of most important ship systems such as main engine, power generators and steering gear. The repair time is also taken into account. The data for simulation was obtained from analysis of ships statistical data of polish owners. The model could be used mostly in assessment with projecting phase of ship appliances, simulating owner’s economical analysis or generating random events in marine simulators.