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1

Research of ecological indicators of two-way vehicle in stationary conditions

Kamińska Michalina, Andrzejewski Maciej, Daszkiewicz Paweł

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 1

30--34

EN

The presented article concerns the research on the emission of pollutants of a rail-road tractor in two stationary research tests. The purpose of the tests was to carry out control tests of pollutant emissions and their analysis. The object used during the works was approved in accordance with the Stage V standard, which requires measurements of emissivity both in stationary, dynamic and real conditions. Despite the requirement to test engines installed on a vehicle during their normal duty cycle with PEMS, the emission limits measured in this test have not yet been defined. Therefore, the work below focuses on the stationary test cycle. The measurements were carried out in accordance with the internal combustion engine operating points described in the approval test, and then compared with the modernized NRSC test. It contains modified measuring points and rotational speeds of the crankshaft, adopted on the basis of the most common operating parameters of agricultural tractor combustion engines in real operating conditions. The measurements were performed with the use of a mobile dynamometer and devices for measuring emissions of harmful exhaust gas compounds and recording on-board data. In the performed test, the vehicle drive system worked at fixed operating points, with defined values of crankshaft rotational speed and load. Based on the recorded data on the concentrations of pollutants in the exhaust gases, the unit emission of the tested object was determined. In the final stage of the work, these data were used to perform a comparative analysis with the emission limits contained in the standard.

2

Measurement of rail vehicles exhaust emissions

Kamińska Michalina, Kołodziejek Daniel, Szymlet Natalia, Fuć Paweł, Grzeszczyk Rafał

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 2

10--17

EN

The basic problem in terms of measuring exhaust emissions is the approval tests of traction vehicles, which are carried out on engine dynamometers. Therefore, it is impossible to obtain reliable results concerning their actual impact on the natural environment. It is therefore advisable to carry out the tests in real operation conditions, as is the case for road vehicles for which RDE (Real Driving Emissions) tests are carried out. The latest Stage V emission standards push for the introduction of this type of test, but no limit values for toxic exhaust gases have been established and no test guidelines have been defined for assessing actual emissions. This article describes the issues related to the legislative guidelines for non-road vehicles in force in Europe, as well as the measurement tools used, such as mobile equipment for measuring emissions of PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement Systems) and newly developed emission gates. Additionally, the paper presents examples of locomotive exhaust emission tests in real operating conditions. The aim of the measurements was to assess the emission of toxic compounds against the relevant standards. The subject of the research was a diesel locomotive type T448.P equipped with a modernized internal combustion engine.

3

Specific emission of harmful compounds analysis from an agricultural tractor in a modified NRSC test

Szymlet N., Siedlecki M., Lijewski P., Sokolnicka B.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 63, nr 4

220--224

EN

Non-road vehicles type approval tests consist of testing the combustion engines themselves on engine dynamometer stations. As a part of these tests, NRSC and NRTC tests are conducted. The many years of research conducted by the Poznan University of Technology revealed differences in the actual specific emission of toxic components of exhaust gases from agricultural machinery compared to the type approval tests. This is related to the different operating conditions of the internal combustion engine relative to the test cycles. For this reason, the authors conducted a study of the actual emission from an agricultural tractor in a 13-phase NRSC test, modified to more closely reflect real operating conditions. These points were determined on the basis of operating points obtained from tests in real operating conditions. Before the tests, the tractor engine was warmed up to its operating temperature, after which it was loaded by the power take-off shaft with a portable engine dynamometer system. Analyzers from the PEMS group were connected to the tractor's exhaust system, which allowed to determine the concentrations of exhaust components such as CO, HC, NOx, PM, in the type approval testing process. The exhaust emission tests were extended with the solid particles number emission as well as their dimensional distribution, which while not limited through emission norms, is still very important from the point of view of human health and life. The analysis of the results allowed to determine the limit value excess level of specific compounds from the tractor.

PL

Testy homologacyjne pojazdów o zastosowaniu pozadrogowym polegają na badaniu pod kątem emisyjności samych silników spalinowych na stanowiskach hamownianych. W ich czasie prowadzone są testy NRSC (Non Road Stationary Cycle) i NRTC (Non Road Transient Cycle). Wieloletnie badania Politechniki Poznańskiej dowiodły różnic w rzeczywistej emisji jednostkowej składników toksycznych spalin z maszyn rolniczych w porównaniu do testów homologacyjnych. Związane jest to z odmiennymi warunkami pracy silnika spalinowego w stosunku do cykli badawczych. Z tego powodu autorzy przeprowadzili badania rzeczywistej emisji z ciągnika rolniczego w 13-fazowym teście NRSC zmodyfikowanym tak, by w większym stopniu odwzorowywał warunki rzeczywiste. Punkty te określono na podstawie uprzednio przeprowadzonych badań parametrów pracy w rzeczywistych warunkach eksploatacji. Po uzyskaniu temperatury roboczej oleju i cieczy chłodzącej silnik ciągnika był obciążany przez wał odbioru mocy samojezdną hamownią silnikową. Do układu wylotowego ciągnika podłączone były analizatory z grupy PEMS, które pozwoliły na wyznaczenie stężeń toksycznych składników spalin: CO, HC, NOx, PM, rozszerzone o nielimitowaną, ale bardzo istotną z punktu widzenia zdrowia i życia ludzi emisję liczby cząstek stałych PN oraz ich rozkład wymiarowy. Analiza wyników pozwoliła na określenie emisji związków toksycznych względem wartości dopuszczalnych.

4

Latest harmful exhaust emission limits for non-road category vehicles

Siedlecki M., Gallas D.

Journal of Mechanical and Transport Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 70, No. 1

51--59

EN

Non-road vehicles are a large group of machines and a vast majority of them utilize CI engines. This group includes agricultural vehicles, construction machinery, stationary engines, etc. Their regulations are less restrictive compared to vehicles from the HDV category which use similar engine units. For this reason, the Stage V standard will be introduced in 2018, adding reductions in the form of toxic exhaust emissions limits. In addition, retrofitting continues to gain popularity, which means retrofitting older engine designs with more modern exhaust gas after treatment systems. This article reviews also the use of PEMS analyzers to measure the real operation emission.

PL

Pojazdy o zastosowaniu pozadrogowym to szeroka grupa maszyn, w których wykorzystywane są głównie silniki o zapłonie samoczynnym. Należą do niej maszyny rolnicze, budowlane, silniki stacjonarne itp. W porównaniu do pojazdów ciężkich, w których używane są zbliżone konstrukcyjnie silniki spalinowe, przepisy dotyczące ich emisyjności są mniej restrykcyjne. Norma Stage V, która wejdzie w życie z rokiem 2018 ma zmniejszyć ta dysproporcję zmniejszając obowiązujące limity, a także wprowadzając ograniczenie liczby cząstek stałych. Dodatkowo, coraz większą rolę odgrywa retrofitting, czyli doposażanie starszych silników w nowoczesne układy oczyszczania gazów wylotowych, a także badania w rzeczywistych warunkach eksploatacji przy użyciu aparatury z grupy PEMS.