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1

Energetyka jądrowa na świecie i w Polsce w 2022 roku

Mikulski Andrzej

Postępy Techniki Jądrowej

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2023

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z. 1

20--24

PL

Artykuł przedstawia przegląd dokonań w energetyce jądrowej na świecie w 2022 r. oraz podsumowanie wydarzeń w Polsce, które wcześniej już były przedstawiane w PTJ w 2022 r. Ogólnie moc zainstalowana w elektrowniach jądrowych i liczba budowanych reaktorów na świecie wzrosła. Niezmiennie najwięcej jest budowanych reaktorów na Dalekim Wschodzie, a jednym krajem, gdzie rozpoczęła się budowa dwóch pierwszych reaktorów był Egipt. W Polsce, jak napisano, dokonano wyboru dostawcy reaktorów do pierwszej elektrowni na Pomorzu, którym będzie Westinghouse. Nieoczekiwanie pojawił się nowy dostawca, którym ma być koncern Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power (KHNP) z Korei Południowej, a elektrownia ma powstać w Pątnowie wspólnie z Zespołem Elektrowni Pątnów Adamów Konin (ZE PAK) i Polską Grupą Energetyczną (PGE SA). Poza tym obserwuje się wzrost liczby firm zainteresowanych budową małych reaktorów modułowych (SMR). Lista tych dawnych i nowych firm jest długa, to: (1) Orlen Synthos Green Energy, Ciech i Unimot, (2) KGHM i Tauron, (3) Last Energy Polska, (4) Respect Energy, (5) PKN Orlen i (6) Świętokrzyska Grupa Przemysłowa INDUSTRIA oraz (7) Narodowe Centrum Badań Jądrowych.

EN

The article presents an overview of achievements in nuclear energy in the world in 2022 and a summary of events in Poland, which were previously presented in PTJ in 2022. In general, the installed capacity of nuclear power plants and the number of reactors under construction in the world increased. Invariably, the largest number of reactors are built in the Far East, and one country where construction of the first two reactors began was Egypt. In Poland, as it was written, the supplier of reactors for the first power plant in Pomerania was selected, which will be Westinghouse. Unexpectedly, a new supplier has appeared, which is to be the KHNP concern from South Korea, and the power plant is to be built in Pątnów together with ZE PAK and PGE SA. In addition, there is an increase in the number of companies interested in building small modular reactors (SMR). The list of these old and new companies is long: (1) Orlen Synthos Green Energy, Ciech and Unimot, (2) KGHM and Tauron, (3) Last Energy Polska, (4) Respect Energy, (5) PKN Orlen, (6) Świętokrzyskie Industrial Group INDUSTRIA and (7) National Center for Nuclear Research.

2

Energetyka jądrowa na świecie i w Polsce w 2020 roku

Mikulski Andrzej

Postępy Techniki Jądrowej

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2021

|

z. 1

7--16

PL

Artykuł przedstawia przegląd dokonań w energetyce jądrowej na świecie w 2020 r. z rozdziałem zawierającym informacje, co wydarzyło się w Polsce. Liczba reaktorów na świecie zmalała do 442 bloków, przy czym włączono 5 nowych bloków i wyłączono 6 starych bloków. Ogólna ich moc zainstalowana nieznacznie wzrosła do 392,5 GWe. Prowadzone są prace przy budowie 50 bloków jądrowych w krajach posiadających energetykę jądrową. W Polsce prace ruszyły do przodu poprzez przyjęcie przez rząd aktualizacji Programu Polskiej Energetyki Jądrowej (PPEJ) i przygotowanie do podpisania porozumienia o współpracy z USA przy budowie pierwszej elektrowni jądrowej. Planowo realizowany jest projekt Gospostrateg-HTR dotyczący wysokotemperaturowego reaktora chłodzonego gazem (HTGR). Zgodne z harmonogramem przebiegała praca reaktora badawczego MARIA w Świerku. Spółka Synthos Green Energy działała na rzecz budowy małego reaktora modułowego BWRX-300 poprzez przygotowanie wspólnie z amerykańskim koncernem Exelon Generation studium wykonalności i rozpoczęciem dialogu regulacyjnego z Państwową Agencją Atomistyki–PAA.

EN

The article presents an overview of achievements in nuclear energy in the world in 2020, with a chapter indicating what happened in Poland. The number of reactors in the world has decreased to 442 units, with 5 new units being added and 6 old units shut down. Their overall installed capacity slightly increased to 392.5 GWe. Work is underway on the construction of 50 nuclear units in countries with nuclear energy. In Poland, work has been moved forward by the government's adoption of the update of the Polish Nuclear Power Program (PPEJ) and preparation for the signing of a cooperation agreement with the US in the construction of the first nuclear power plant in Poland. The Gospostrateg-HTR project for a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) is underway. The work of the MARIA research reactor in Swierk was according to the schedule. The company Synthos Green Energy acted to build a small modular reactor BWRX-300 by preparing a feasibility study together with the American concern Exelon Generation and starting a regulatory dialogue with PAA.

3

Forecasting carbon budget under climate change and CO2 fertilization for subtropical region in China using Integrated Biosphere Simulator (IBIS) model

Zhu Q., Jiang H., Liu J., Peng C., Fang X., Yu S., Zhou G., Wei X., Ju W.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2011

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Vol. 59, nr 1

3-23

EN

The regional carbon budget of the climatic transition zone may be very sensitive to climate change and increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. This study simulated the carbon cycles under these changes using process-based ecosystem models. The Integrated Biosphere Simulator (IBIS), a Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (DGVM), was used to evaluate the impacts of climate change and CO2 fertilization on net primary production (NPP), net ecosystem production (NEP), and the vegetation structure of terrestrial ecosystems in Zhejiang province (area 101,800 km2, mainly covered by subtropical evergreen forest and warm-temperate evergreen broadleaf forest) which is located in the subtropical climate area of China. Two general circulation models (HADCM3 and CGCM3) representing four IPCC climate change scenarios (HC3AA, HC3GG, CGCM-sresa2, and CGCM-sresb1) were used as climate inputs for IBIS. Results show that simulated historical biomass and NPP are consistent with field and other modelled data, which makes the analysis of future carbon budget reliable. The results indicate that NPP over the entire Zhejiang province was about 55 Mt C yr[^-1] during the last half of the 21st century. An NPP increase of about 24 Mt C by the end of the 21st century was estimated with the combined effects of increasing CO2 and climate change. A slight NPP increase of about 5 Mt C was estimated under the climate change alone scenario. Forests in Zhejiang are currently acting as a carbon sink with an average NEP of about 2.5 Mt C yr[^-1]. NEP will increase to about 5 Mt C yr[^-1] by the end of the 21st century with the increasing atmospheric CO2concentration and climate change. However, climate change alone will reduce the forest carbon sequestration of Zhejiang.s forests. Future climate warming will substantially change the vegetation cover types; warm-temperate evergreen broadleaf forest will be gradually substituted by subtropical evergreen forest. An increasing CO2 concentration willhave little contribution to vegetation changes. Simulated NPP shows geographic patterns consistent with temperature to a certain extent, and precipitation is not the limiting factor for forest NPP in the subtropical climate conditions. There is no close relationship between the spatial pattern of NEP and climate condition.

4

Evaluation of economic effectiveness of the nuclear power plant

Michalak J.

Poznan University of Technology Academic Journals. Electrical Engineering

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2010

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No. 62

95-99

EN

The article presents the results of the research on the economic efficiency of the electricity generation in a nuclear energy plant. The costs of the electricity generation were compared with the particular reference to the nuclear energy plant, coal plant and gas plant. The analysis was performed using the following methods: the Net Present Value NVP, the Rate of Net Present Value NPVR, the Internal Rate of Return IRR as well as the Simple Payback (SPB) and the Discounted Payback (DPB). In order to carry out a multi-variant simulation study of the economic efficiency indexes, the statement of cash flows has been used, taking into particular consideration the discount account terms. Additionally the sensitivity analysis has been made, basing on the dimensionless sensitivity ratio with reference to the investment, operational and financial factors.

5

Radiocarbon in elements of the landscape (Belarus)

Mikhajlov N., Kolkovskij V., Pavlova I., Luchina G.

Geochronometria

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2004

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Vol. 23

59-66

EN

It was found that in areas distant from an operating NPP the 14C concentration is characterized by values of 105-108 pMC. In the area of the Ignalina plant rather high 14C contents of vegetation (up to 150 pMC), and water of the lake Drisvyaty (127-154 pMC) connected by canals with the Ignalina NPP were noted. Biocarbonates (shells of lake mollusks Anadonta cygnaea and Dreissena, eggs poultry fed) are also enriched in radiocarbon. The concentrations of 14C in plants sampled in 1994-1996 in Gomel region (Chernobyl zone) are similar to those from the Ignalina NPP region and show increased values (up to 130-140 pMC). On the other hand, an emission of the radiocarbon resulted from the Chernobyl accident was recorded in the biosphere, at its concentrations increased toward the plant. So, 14C values were about 200 pMC near Minsk (May-June, 1986) and reached 600-700 pMC near Gomel. These data permit a realistic estimate of the concentrations of the radiocarbon emission at the instant of the accident. The radioisotope is well preserved and its redistribution occurs mainly due to biochemical processes. This is well shown by the radiocarbon distributions in a profile of the soil boggy medium.