PL
 |
EN
Preferencje help
Polish version English version Język
Widoczny [Schowaj] Abstrakt
Liczba wyników

Znaleziono wyników: 10

Liczba wyników na stronie
first rewind previous Strona / 1 next fast forward last
Wyniki wyszukiwania
Wyszukiwano:
w słowach kluczowych:  NCW
help Sortuj według:

help Ogranicz wyniki do:
first rewind previous Strona / 1 next fast forward last
1
Content available Lokowanie biowodoru do komponentów paliwowych w warunkach rafineryjnych
Lubowicz Jan
Nafta-Gaz
|
2022
|
R. 78, nr 7
542--549
PL
W artykule przedstawiono sposób obliczania ilości biowodoru lokowanego do komponentów paliw silnikowych i opałowych wytwarzanych w instalacjach rafineryjnych. Określenie „zalokowany biowodór” należy rozumieć jako ilość biowodoru, która została przypisana do każdego strumienia produktowego w danej instalacji. Zalokowany w komponentach paliwowych biowodór mógłby następnie zostać wykorzystany jako jedno z narzędzi do realizacji Narodowego Celu Wskaźnikowego (NCW), określającego obowiązek wprowadzania na rynek paliw transportowych ze źródeł odnawialnych. Proces przyłączania wodoru (biowodoru) w warunkach rafineryjnych zachodzi w wyniku reakcji katalitycznego hydroodsiarczania i hydroodazotowania, uwodornienia wiązań nienasyconych oraz uwodornienia węglowodorów aromatycznych. Ilość zalokowanego biowodoru, który w przypadku danej instalacji może zostać zaliczony do realizacji NCW, zależy przede wszystkim od głębokości procesu hydrokonwersji – im wyższa konwersja, czyli im więcej powstaje produktów lżejszych od surowca, tym ilość wodoru zalokowanego w produktach jest większa. Znaczenie ma również zawartość siarki i azotu w surowcu – im większa, tym więcej wodoru musi zastąpić heteroatomy w cząsteczkach węglowodorów. Ważne są także kierunki zagospodarowania produktów z instalacji. Do realizacji NCW można zaliczyć jedynie biowodór zalokowany do komponentów paliw silnikowych, natomiast biowodór zalokowany do produktów niepaliwowych, np. baz olejowych, komponentów dla petrochemii, nie może być zaliczony do tego celu. Określenie ilości zalokowanego biowodoru wymaga analizy danych i schematu technologicznego rafinerii, w tym ścieżek wytwarzania komponentów paliwowych służących do produkcji LPG, benzyn silnikowych, paliwa do turbinowych silników lotniczych (Jet), oleju napędowego oraz oleju opałowego, analizy obiegu strumieni wodorowych na terenie rafinerii oraz danych bilansowych poszczególnych instalacji dotyczących surowców i uzyskiwanych w tych instalacjach produktów. Zaproponowany sposób lokowania biowodoru do komponentów paliwowych w warunkach rafineryjnych jest praktycznie bezinwestycyjny, niewymagający budowy instalacji przemysłowych, i można go dostosować do każdego schematu przeróbki ropy naftowej w danej rafinerii.
EN
The article presents the method of calculating the amount of bio-hydrogen allocated to the components of motor and heating fuels produced in refining installations. The term “allocated biohydrogen” shall be understood as the amount of biohydrogen that has been allocated to each product stream in a given installation. Bio-hydrogen allocated to the fuel components could then be used as one of the tools for the implementation of the National Renewable Target, which specifies the obligation to introduce transport fuels from renewable sources to the market. The process of adding hydrogen (bio-hydrogen) under refinery conditions takes place as a result of catalytic hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation, hydrogenation of unsaturated bonds and hydrogenation of aromatic hydrocarbons. The amount of allocated biohydrogen, which in a given installation may be used for the implementation of National Renewable Target, depends primarily on the depth of the hydroconversion process. As a result of higher conversion, more fractions lighter than the raw material are produced, thus the amount of allocated hydrogen in the products is greater. The content of sulfur and nitrogen in the raw material is also important – with higher content, more hydrogen must replace the heteroatoms in the hydrocarbon molecules. The directions of use of the products from the installation also affect the result. The implementation of the National Renewable Target includes only biohydrogen allocated to engine fuel components, while biohydrogen allocated to non-fuel products, e.g. oil bases, petrochemical components is excluded. Calculation of the quantity of allocated bio-hydrogen requires analysis of the data and the technological scheme of the refinery, including the production paths of fuel components: LPG, motor gasoline, Jet fuel, diesel oil and heating oil, circulation of hydrogen streams in the refinery and balance data of individual installations regarding raw materials and products obtained from them. The proposed method of calculating bio-hydrogen allocated to fuel components under refinery conditions is practically investment-free, does not require the construction of industrial installations and can be adapted to any crude oil processing scheme in a given refinery.
2
Content available remote Platforma symulatora heterogenicznego środowiska symulacyjnego
Janczak J., Pilarski G.
Zeszyty Naukowe AON
|
2012
|
nr 4(89)
280-293
PL
Platforma symulatora heterogenicznego środowiska symulacyjnego jest rozwiązaniem zapewniającym możliwość prowadzenia procesu podejmowania decyzji na współczesnym polu walki w dobie osiągania zdolności sieciocentrycznych.
EN
A simulator platform of a heterogenic simulation environment is a solution which enables the conduction of a decision making process on the contemporary battlefield as part of the achievement of a network centric capability. Decisions made in this process, owing to the application of modern simulation solutions are burdened with a relatively low level of risk for the operations’ success, which is directly expressed by the reduction of losses in people and equipment. The armed forces are now involved in a wide scope of activities (military and peaceful) which results in a serious demand for the support of the activities with the use of simulation platforms. Thanks to the application of the heterogenic simulator, the army planning proces can use different, complicated and expensive simulation systems, installed in a safe place, without the necessity of their installation in the region of operations where they could be destroyed as a result of operations.
3
Content available Morski sieciocentryczny system informacji geograficznej jako element ochrony portowej
Pyrchla J., Zieliński M.
Archiwum Fotogrametrii, Kartografii i Teledetekcji
|
2012
|
Vol. 24
323--332
PL
Zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa w rejonie przybrzeżnym, a w szczególności obszarach portowych, wymusza na państwach nadmorskich prowadzenie badań w zakresie integracji różnych danych środowiskowych. Referat jest przeglądem literatury nt rozwiązań technologicznych w zakresie systemów sieciocentrycznych, stosowanych do tej pory w działaniach wojskowych. Przedstawia integrację elektronicznych map nawigacyjnych z ortofotomapami terenów przybrzeżnych jak i danymi hydrometeorologicznymi. Koncentruje się wokół problemów związanych z tworzeniem sieciocentrycznego środowiska integrującego dane dystrybuowane w różnych formatach. Jednym z urządzeń zaawansowanych technologicznie mogących działać tylko w takim środowisku są zdaniem autorów np. bezzałogowe pojazdy nawodne. Przedstawiono cząstkowe wyniki badań nad ww. zagadnieniami wykonanych w ramach projektu rozwojowego nr O R00 0105 11 finansowanego przez Narodowe Centrum Badań i Rozwoju.
EN
The ensuring of security in the coastal area (especially in harbour area) makes in coastal countries necessary to do research work towards integration of environmental data integration. The present report is a review of the literature on technological solutions for centric network systems used so far in military activities. This paper reveals the effects of work taken in effort to build charts, which are integrated electronic navigational chart with photo chart of coastal terrain as well as with hydrological and meteorological data. The article is focused on problems connected to creation of network centric environment which integrates data available in several different formats. One of the efficient and technologically advanced tools, which can act in such an environment is (in authors team opinion) unmanned surface vehicle. To sum up, partial results of research work ware presented regarding those issues made during a development project number O R00 0105 11 financed by National Research and Development Centre.
4
Content available remote Informacyjne przygotowanie pola walki w ramach koncepcji działań sieciocentrycznych
Kacała T.
Zeszyty Naukowe AON
|
2011
|
nr 3(84)
491-505
EN
The centric network war concept is the future, and in some cases maybe the present time, of conducting military operations. It is the response of military thought to transformations in modern societies and organizations, military ones including, and the change of contemporary threats. Although they largely result from the development of technologies and entering the information era, the theory of centric network war cannot be associated merely with technology, but also or mostly with structural, organizational and doctrinal aspects. Nevertheless, applying new technologies will be the foundation of waging a centric network war and computer networks as elements supporting the decision making process will be one of the basic tools to achieve centric network requirements of the battlefield.
5
Content available remote Sieciocentryczna infostruktura procesów decyzyjnych
Sienkiewicz P., Mąka D.
Zeszyty Naukowe AON
|
2008
|
nr 4(73)
102-119
EN
The article attempts to make an approach to the impact of network centric infostructure on the command, control and management processes. The thesis of the article is to confirm the complexity of the mutual interaction between network centric architecture and decision making systems. Basing on the conducted considerations both the operational and functional models of network centric infostructure are developed according to the Information Superiority value chains quoted by RAND Institute. Following chapters present the effectiveness of network centric structures in the area of C4ISR and management processes resulted from sensors architecture and performance. Issuing from network centric warfighting concepts and approach has been done on the evaluation of the impact of information advantage and domination on military operations. At the end of the article the Euro-Atlantic approach to the network centric infostructure is quoted. The achievement of NATO Network Enabled Capability is being treated as a key issue to NATO transformation and has been reflected and developed as a conceptual Overarching and Technical Architecture. Such an approach has also an impact on one of the principal information security rules - “need to know”, revaluated to the principle of “need to share”. The conclusion points out, that the “synergic effect” of network centric infostructure should raise the “situational consciousness”.
6
Content available remote Walka sieciocentryczna wyzwaniem XXI wieku
Wołejszo J., Siedlecki M.
Zeszyty Naukowe AON
|
2007
|
nr 3(68)A
29-35
EN
The development of teleinformatic technologies, the Internet and global computer network initiated information revolution involving free access to information gathered in the net and fa st information exchange via the Internet. Commercial sector experiences became the basis to adopt the Information Superiority notion for the military domain needs. Treating armed forces as a net-centric company, military specialists saw the possibility to increase the armed forces effectiveness in a similar way through radical relations’ improvement of engaged forces versus achieved tactical (operational, strategic) effect. The article authors present the network centric origins and idea in a crosssectional and graphic way (numerous pictures) treating Network Centric Warfare as the 21st century challenge. Apart from notions’ explanations, the authors feature the division of Network Centric Warfare space into physical, informational or cognitive domains or in another approach into layers, e.g. command, information layers etc. In the conclusion the capabilities to reach standards required by this concept were stressed and the USA military leading role in this area was shown. It is also worth paying attention to the proposal of measures that the Polish Armed Forces have to undertake in order to implement solutions identified with net-centric operations.
7
Content available remote Istota wojny (walki) sieciocentrycznej
Huzarski M.
Zeszyty Naukowe AON
|
2007
|
nr 3(68)A
21-28
EN
NetWork Centric Warfare (NCW) is a notion that frequently appears recently in various publications and considerations relating to development trends and evolution of conducting operations. Today together with technological progress, there emerge more and more sophisticated ways of conducting warfare based most of all on knowledge and appropriate understanding of phenomena taking place in the operations’ environment. Information - its acquisition, analysis and transmission - becomes the key to success. All this linked by technology gives the picture of the range and net-centric capabilities. The introduction of the article features the idea of Network Centric Warfare. There the author explains the importance of key net-centric notions such as Network Centric Warfare, operations or the net-centric idea. In the further part of the article the author presents goals that net-centric operations lead to, for instance deep cooperation, independence in operation or understanding the guiding principle. Then the determinants of conducting net-centric operations in J. Kręcikij's approach were defined. Here several terms were explained such as tendency to gain Information Superiority, acquire access to information, due to the needs of command level, a fast cycle of command, self-synchronisation and many others. The final part of the article shows features that differentiate net-centric operations and Polish Armed Forces ’ capabilities to implement NCW principles and includes a short characteristics of the current state and measures that must be taken in order to achieve full net-centric capabilities. The need to implement NCW solutions is stressed in the conclusions.
8
Content available remote Zmiany w taktyce lotnictwa i ich uwarunkowania
Karpowicz J.
Zeszyty Naukowe AON
|
2005
|
nr 3(60)A Numer Specialny
62-75
EN
The article content concerns conditions to use assault air force in crisis management operations and the operational and tactical analyses of asymmetry that makes in the art of operations a new assumption modifying the principles of its use in this type of operations. The author also presents premises to support air operations with space systems within the framework of the battlefield Network Centric Systems. He points out the enlargement of air force combat systems with unmanned aerial vehicles and the phenomena of using commonly in air forces platforms difficult to detect and highly manoeuvreable, equipped with long range and high target precision missiles. The article predicts that in the nearest future military aviation will have to be prepared to perform both classic operational tasks typical for war and crisis management tasks as well. The author in an innovative way presents the assault air force tactics in new conditions. The article also contains the systemic scheme of crisis management operations dividing it into two groups. The first one includes peace operations approved by the Alliance, the second one involves planned operations conducted in multilateral, bilateral and unilateral dimension.
9
Content available remote Współczesne tendencje rozwojowe w lotnictwie wojskowym
Krawczyk P.
Zeszyty Naukowe AON
|
2005
|
nr 3(60)A Numer Specialny
93-106
EN
The change of conditions to conduct military operations, using air forces including, significantly determines new aviation directions. Basing on the phenomena occurring in this respect, a new trend seems to appear, namely that the aviation future is directed to the development of new capabilities, and not as so far to the development of further generations of air platforms. These new capabilities relate to command, communications, reconnaissance and targeting. As far as combat application is concerned, stand-off precision weapons are further progressing, instead of developing abilities to carry out air manoeuvres at 9g. In this general possible area of contemporary military aviation development, there may be distinguished five key types of capabilities: information acquisition and management, air dominance (advantage), broadened possibilities to shape combat operation space, support of combat operations and high survivability.
10
Wojna sieciontryczna wojną wieku informacji : geneza i definicja
Hoffmann R., Szpakowicz R.
Postępy Radiotechniki
|
2004
|
T. 49, Nr 148
3-13
first rewind previous Strona / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript jest wyłączony w Twojej przeglądarce internetowej. Włącz go, a następnie odśwież stronę, aby móc w pełni z niej korzystać.