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The results of multistage liming and lacustrine chalk application in AMD water reservoir in the Muskau Arch near Łęknica, W Poland

Rzepka P., Bożęcki P., Manecki M., Rzepa G., Bajda T.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

2012

Vol. 38, no. 4

527--528

The Muskau Arc is a 40 km long moraine belt bent into a horseshoe-like shape pushed by the Mid Polish Glaciation, located in west Poland. Pyrite-bearing Neogene lignite deposits were mined there until the 1980s. The abandoned open pits filled with groundwater are forming a set of reservoirs called "Anthropogenic Lake District". It consists of more than 100 reservoirs on the total area of more than 1500 square kilometers. Oxidation process of iron sulfide-containing lignite left in mining pits or deposited in dumps, exposed to atmospheric oxygen and water results in formation of acidic waters and precipitation of ochreous sediments. The water is characterized by high Fe and SO42- content. This chemical association with low pH waters is causing the main environmental waste problem in this region, which is typical for most Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) areas. The main goal of conducted experiment has been to examine the abilities of acid mine water remediation on the example of Muskau Arch lake named Africa. The chemical neutralization of acidic pH and removal of high salinity by precipitation was made by various substances application. The objective of this study was comparison of the potential effects of this treatments applied in several steps. Africa is one of the largest and deepest reservoirs of Muskau Arch. This meromictic lake has constant vertical stratification characterized by diversity of physicochemical parameters and content of major ions. Water contained in the mixolimnion at the top (down to about 10 m depth from surface) is well mixed by air currents and saturated with oxygen. It has lower pH (pH — 2.75) and lower ion concentrations (the average TDS amounts to 2000 mg/L) than the bottom layer. Monimolimnion in the bottom part (below 10 m from the surface) is anoxic, poor in oxygen, with higher pH (pH — 4.75) and salinity (TDS up to 6000 mg/L). Water in both layers is not mixing due to significant density difference preserving the geochemical stratification. In the set of laboratory experiments samples of waters from both layers were mixed with different doses of lime and lacustrine chalk. The application was carried out over half a year in several steps, because of the ability of this water to acidify itself. In all cases, especially in second stage, the treatments lead to rapid increase of pH and to precipitation of different secondary phases, mostly gypsum and iron hydroxides (ferrihydride, goethite and rare green rust). This results in removal of ferric and ferrous ions and reduction of sulfates content by close to 80%. However effects was varying and depends on kind of treatment, layers, which have different acid neutralizing capacity, and step of dosing. pH of upper layer is lifted to about neutral value (7-8) by chalk dosing or slightly basic (9) in the case of liming. These treatments are successful already in first step application. Hydrogen ion releasing in iron hydroxides precipitation process in bottom layer, due to occurring specific pH-Eh conditions, restrains neutralization effectiveness. Therefore next application steps are necessary to reach neutral pH (6-7) after chalk treatment or even alkaline (11-12) by liming.

Łuk Mużakowa jako złożona struktura glacitektoniczna

Urbański K.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Inżynieria Środowiska / Uniwersytet Zielonogórski

2007

nr 134 (14)

179-190

Badania porównawcze z rejonami przyległymi do Łuku Mużakowa, wykazały, że główny eksploatowany pokład węgla brunatnego, o miąższości powyżej 10 metrów można korelować z II łużyckim pokładem. Wyższe pokłady węgla charakteryzują się znacznie mniejszą miąższością oraz mniejszą rozciągłością lateralną. Pokłady należące do formacji rawickiej nie zostały spiętrzone. Wiek zaburzeń glacitektonicznych na podstawie badań litopetrograficznych osadów wypełniających nieckę na zapleczu moreny spiętrzonej, można wiązać z okresem zlodowaceń południowopolskich, prawdopodobnie z pierwszym nasunięciem lądolodu na obszar Sudetów. W czasie stadiału Odry wkraczający lądolód zniwelował rzeźbę terenu pozostawiając na zaburzonej strukturze pokrywę osadów zwałowych. W czasie stadiału Warty lądolód dotarł do południowej części Łuku Mużakowa, akumulując morenę końcową w rejonie Łęknicy. Wycofując się na północ lądolód pozostawił kolejne łuki moren recesyjnych na linii Bronowice - Nowe Czaple, Chwaliszów - Żarki Wielkie, Olszyna - Trzebiel. Łuk Mużakowa nie jest jednolitą moreną spiętrzoną ale strukturą złożoną. Składa się z łuku zewnętrznego Tuplice-Łęknica oraz łuków wewnętrznych [...] Na powierzchni moreny spiętrzonej wału mużkowskiego odsłania sie pokład główny węgla, który można wiązac z pokładem łużyckim [...]

It was proved that the main brown coal bed correlates with 2nd Lausic Seam in the Ścinawa Formation. This stratum has over 10 meter thickness. The uppermost coal layers have a little thickness and a small lateral extension. The lower coal seam belongs to the Rawicz Formation. It is not deformed. On the base of lithopetrographical researches sediments lying in glaciotectonical depression may be correlated with Elsterian glaciation. In Early Saalian glaciation (Odranian) a moving glacier leveled a morphological relief and caused accumulation of a glacial deposits on a glaciotectonical structure. In Late Saalian glaciation (Warthanian) the glacier reached south part the Muskau Arc and accumulated frontal moraines in Łęknica region. In the time of glacier pulling back the following arcs of recessional moraines remained: Bronowice - Nowe Czaple, Chwaliszó -Żarki Wielkie, Olszyna - Trzebiel. Muskau Arc is not a uniform thrust moraine but it is a very complicated structure. It consists of exterior arc located between Tuplice and Łęknica and internal located between Trzebiel and Siedlec, Tuplice-Chełmice-Jagłowice. They reflected a multiple formation of whole structure in the transgression of glacier. In the back side of the Muskau Arc between Olszyna and Jerischke the deep glaciotectonic depression occurred. The main coal seams correlated with 2nd Lausits Seam expose on the surface of thrust moraine. Extend of outcrops is compatible with run of geomorphological forms which reflect thrust shape of this structure. It is confirmed by boreholes and mining data. Apart from thrust structures there are secondary folds and diapires in the strong plastic zones. There were created in the same dynamic process. The glaciotectonical model of cylindrical thrust by Rotnicki (1976) is accepted in this paper. In author's opinion glaciotectonical deformation were strengthened by mobile Mesozoic basement in the zone of crossing faults.