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A regurgitalite of the Middle Triassic (Muschelkalk) from Upper Silesia (Poland)

Niedźwiedzki Robert, Surmik Dawid, Chećko Agnieszka, Salamon Mariusz A.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2021

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Vol. 47, no. 1

33--40

EN

A bromalite from the Middle Triassic (Muschelkalk) of southern Poland, Sadowa Góra Quarry, is herein described and interpreted as a regurgitalite. The fossils occurring within the regurgitalite are angular and have sharp edges. They are represented by common fragments of thin-shelled bivalves as well as rare crinoid and gastropod remains. The composition of the collected inclusion is different from that of the host rock. There are many candidates that could have produced the regurgitalite, including durophagous sharks, marine reptiles, the actinopterygian Colobodus, or nautiloids. Our finding adds to the emerging evidence of durophagous predation in the Triassic sea of Polish part of the Germanic Basin. It is the second record of a regurgitalite from the Muschelkalk of Upper Silesia.

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Ophiuroids from the Middle Triassic (Muschelkalk) of Sadowa Góra, Jaworzno (southern Poland)

Surmik Dawid, Salamon Mariusz A., Chećko Agnieszka, Kędroń Karolina

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2020

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Vol. 46, no. 2

175--182

EN

Ophiuroids belonging to Aspiduriella sp., Aspiduriella similis (Eck), and Arenorbis sp. are described from the Middle Triassic (Muschelkalk) strata of the Sadowa Góra Quarry (Jaworzno) in southern Poland. This is the only Polish location where three taxa of these ophiuroids have been found in one stratigraphic horizon (1st Wellenkalk). To date, only single taxa have been found in the Triassic sections of the eastern part of the Germanic Basin. Finally, other ophiuroid mass aggregations also known from Poland are presented.

3

Middle Triassic syntectonic sedimentation and volcanic influence in the central part of the External Dinarides, Croatia (Velebit Mts.)

Smirčić Duje, Aljinović Dunja, Barudžija Uroš, Kolar-Jurkovšek Tea

Geological Quarterly

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2020

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Vol. 64, No. 1

220--239

EN

Middle Triassic deposits in the Velebit Mts. of the External Dinarides in Croatia show strong differentiation of sedimentary environments and facies. In the area of Donje Pazarište, a 90 metre thick section includes six different facies, each with its specific genetic characteristics (Flysch-like Facies; Carbonate Shale Facies; Pyroclastic Density Current Facies; Platy Limestone with Pyroclastics Facies; Limestone Breccia Facies and Slumped Limestones with Pyroclastics and Chert Facies). In the same area, in the nearby Top of Donje Pazarište section, a Pyroclastic Flow Facies was defined, and this was also recognized ~15 km to south-east, in the area of Brušane Village, in the foothills of Vinac. Throughout the area and section investigated, the effects of intense tectonic and volcanic activity can be traced. The pronounced differences in the facies determined facies are interpreted as consequences of syntectonic and volcanically influenced sedimentation in a graben/half-graben depositional system.

4

Diversity of vertebrate remains from the Lower Gogolin Beds (Anisian) of southern Poland

Antczak Mateusz, Ruciński Maciej, Stachacz Michał, Matysik Michał, Król Jan J.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2020

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Vol. 90, No. 4

419--433

EN

Middle Triassic (Muschelkalk) limestones and dolostones of southern Poland contain vertebrate remains, which can be used for palaeoecological and palaeogeographical analyses. The results presented concern vertebrate remains uncovered at four localities in Upper Silesia and one on Opole Silesia, a region representing the south-eastern margin of the Germanic Basin in Middle Triassic times. The most abundant remains in this assemblage are fish remains, comprising mostly actinopterygian teeth and scales. Chondrichthyan and sauropsid remains are less common. Reptilian finds include vertebrae, teeth and fragments of long bones, belonging to aquatic or semi-aquatic reptiles, such as nothosaurids, pachypleusorosaurids, and ichthyosaurids. Also, coprolites of possibly durophagous and predacious reptiles occur. In the stratigraphic column of Mikołów, actinopterygian remains are the most numerous and no distinct changes of the taxonomic composition occur. Although this assemblage differs from those described at other localities (Ząbkowice with numerous chondrichthyans, Żyglin, and Płaza with common sauropsid fossils), sampling bias has to be considered.

5

Dasycladalean green algae and associated foraminifers in Middle Triassic (Lower and Middle Muschelkalk) carbonates of the south-eastern Germanic Basin (Upper Silesia, Poland)

Bucur Ioan I., Matysik Michał

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2020

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Vol. 90, No. 4

391--407

EN

Middle Triassic dasycladalean algae occur in limestones and dolstones of the Diplopora Beds in Upper Silesia, a region representing the southern part of the Germanic Basin. The dasycladales assemblage of this area was studied by Kotański at the end of the last century, mostly from dolomitized and weathered material. The relatively well-preserved specimens the authors found in thin sections from undolomitized strata allowed the description and revised taxonomical assignment of the algae. The identified microflora includes: Diplopora annulatissima Pia, 1920, Diplopora annulata (Schafhäutl, 1853), Salpingoporella cf. krupkaensis Kotański, 2013, Physoporella prisca Pia, 1912, Physoporella cf. pauciforata (Gümbel, 1872), Holosporella? sp. 1, and Holosporella? sp. 2. Diplopora annulatissima and Favoporella annulata Sokač, 1986 are regarded here as two different species. Oligoporella elegans Assmann ex Pia, 1931, extensively illustrated and described by Kotański (2013), is considered a junior synonym of Oligoporella prisca Pia, 1912, and transferred to the genus Physoporella emended by Grgasovic, 1995. Also, some of the dasycladalean algae (Salpingoporella cf. krupkaensis, Holosporella? sp. 1, and Holosporella? sp. 2) described here could represent new species, but more well-preserved material is necessary. The algae are accompanied by foraminiferal microfauna, which collectively indicate a late Anisian (Illyrian) age of the strata studied.

6

Aszulcicrinus, a new genus of the Triassic crinoid family Dadocrinidae (Articulata; Encrinida) from Poland

Hagdorn Hans

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2020

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Vol. 90, No. 4

381--390

EN

The new genus and species Aszulcicrinus pentebrachiatus of the family Dadocrinidae from the ear-ly Middle Triassic Lower Gogolin Formation of Upper Silesia Upland is described. In contrast to Dadocrinus, the second primibrachial of Aszulcicrinus is not axillary for articulation with two arms but articulates with a third primibrachial and the first pinnule. This character results in five unbranched arms, which is unique in the order Encrinida. The significance of this character is discussed and paedomorphic or ecophenotypic explanations are excluded. The presence of only five unbranched arms predominates through the ontogeneny of Aszulcicrinus from early postlarval to adult stage. Within the family Dadocrinidae (Aszulcicrinus - Dadocrinus - Carnallicrinus), a phylogenetic trend towards size increase coincident with increasing arm number and denser pinnulation is inter-preted as an improvement in filter-feeding efficiency. The sedimentological and taphonomic setting of the obru-tional conservation lagerstätte of the type locality is described.

7

Supplemental data on Triassic (Anisian) corals from Upper Silesia (Poland)

Morycowa E.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2018

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Vol. 88, No. 1

37--45

EN

About twenty species of scleractinian corals are known from the shallow marine epicontinental deposits (Middle Triassic: Anisian, Muschelkalk) of Kraków-Upper Silesia region. Four of them require taxonomic revision. On the basis of partly preserved micromorphological features and the microstructure of the skeletons two of them are corrected, i.e. Coelocoenia? assmanni Weissermel, 1925 and C. exporrecta Weissermel, 1925, from Kamień Śląski, near Opole (Upper Silesia). Coelocoenia? assmanni was incorporated into Eckastraea prisca (Weissermel, 1925), family Eckastraeidae Morycowa, 2006, in Morycowa and Szulc (2006) and C. exporrecta is assigned to a new genus Opolestraea nov. gen., family Eckastraeidae.

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The results of palaeontological excavations in the Sadowa Góra quarry (2012-14)

Surmik D., Skreczko S., Wolny M.

Contemporary Trends in Geoscience

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2014

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Vol. 3, iss. 1

90--99

EN

Palaeontological fieldwork (2012‒14) in the Sadowa Góra quarry carried out under the auspices of the University of Silesia, within the framework of a research project supported by the National Science Centre, helped to document the taxonomic diversity of Middle Triassic marine vertebrates from the Cracow-Silesia region. Accumulations of fossil bones are correlated with storm deposition and are time-averaged.

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Sedimentology of the “ore-bearing dolomite” of the Kraków-Silesia region (Middle Triassic, southern Poland)

Matysik M.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2014

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Vol. 84, No. 2

81--112

EN

The depositional history and facies heterogeneity of the epigenetically dolomitized Middle Triassic carbonates of southern Poland are poorly recognized, and existing concepts of fluid circulation entirely overlook the primary lithology as a factor controlling fluid flow. This study reconstructs the consecutive phases of Kraków-Silesia Sub-basin history in the Anisian and highlights their influence on the development of the so-called “ore-bearing dolomite”. Extensive fieldwork and microfacies analyses were carried out in order to decipher the original depositional fabric of the ore-bearing dolomites. As a rule, epigenetic dolomitization affected a horizon of porous strata, 35 m thick and resting directly on impermeable, wavy-nodular clay-rich calcilutites of the Gogolin Formation, which represent the interval of deepest and fully marine (offshore) sedimentation. The sedimentary succession of the porous strata is bipartite. The lower part (Olkusz Beds) is composed of Balanoglossites and Thalassinoides micritic firmgrounds and peloidal packstones-grainstones, representing shoreface-foreshore facies assemblages, whereas the upper part (Diplopora Beds) consists of dolocretes, rhizolites, cryptalgal laminites, peloidal packstones-grainstones and bioturbated fine-grained dolostones, formed in a system of tidal flats and lagoons. These two parts are separated by a subaerial disconformity, which marks a sequence boundary. During emersion, the underlying deposits were subjected to meteoric diagenesis, which led to the development of moldic porosity. This combination of depositional history and diagenetic alteration determined the routes of initial migration of dolomitizing solutions on the one hand, and the location of cavern formation on the other. Owing to progressive dissolution, small caverns were changed into large karstic forms, in which the ore minerals precipitated ultimately. These findings emphasize the importance of sedimentological analysis to the understanding of the evolution of the Kraków-Silesia ore province.

10

The large superpredators’ teeth from Middle Triassic of Poland

Surmik D., Brachaniec T.

Contemporary Trends in Geoscience

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2013

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Vol. 2, iss. 1

91--94

EN

An unusual large teeth, finding from time to time in marine sediments of Muschelkalk, Silesia, Poland indicate the superpredators occurrence. According to size and morphological features the teeth are similar to archosaurs or giant marine reptiles.

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Geochemical methods of inference the thermoregulatory strategies in Middle Triassic marine reptiles - a pilot study

Surmik D., Pelc A.

Contemporary Trends in Geoscience

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2012

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Vol. 1, iss. 1

87--91

EN

The oxygen stable isotopes investigation to elucidate thermoregulatory strategies in Middle Triassic basal sauropterygians is currently ongoing at University of Silesia and University of Maria Curie-Skłodowska. The results of similar studies on Late Mesozoic marine reptiles indicate that some of fully aquatic reptiles like plesiosaurs or ichthyosaurs could be warm-blooded animals. Our investigation is an important part of the aim of the research project "The Marine and Terrestrial reptiles in the Middle Triassic environmental background of Southern Poland" to solve the thermoregulation issue in basal marine reptiles and show how, and when did homoiothermy evolve in Sauropterygia. Homeothermy and gigantothermy were important physiological adaptations which allowed sauropterygian ancestors to leave the shores and conquer the open seas and oceans.

PL

Badania nad paleofizjologią kopalnych kręgowców ostatnimi laty stały się niezwykle modne. Polegają one na kompilacji danych uzyskanych wieloma komplementarnymi metodami z zakresu fizjologii (badania współczesnych form, zgodnie z zasadą aktualizmu) i geochemii izotopowej. Szczególnie interesujące stały się kwestie gospodarki termicznej u gadów kopalnych, które silnie dyskutowane są w kręgach badaczy dinozaurów (Reid, 1997; Ruben i in., 1996). Badania na izotopach stabilnych tlenu szkliwa zębowego przeprowadzone na obligatoryjnie morskich gadach okresu jurajskiego i kredowego (Bernard i in., 2010; zob. także Motani, 2010) wskazują, że ichtiozaury i plezjozaury późniejszego mezozoiku mogły być zwierzętami stałocieplnymi. Brak obecnie jednoznacznych danych dotyczących gospodarki termicznej bazalnych przedstawicieli gadów morskich z triasu, choć przyjmuje się, że te zamieszkujące nadbrzeżne i marginalne strefy mórz zwierzęta były gadami zmiennocieplnymi (pojkilotermicznymi), podobnie jak współczesny legwan morski, czy też smok z Komodo. Czy przejście z pojkilo- do homojotermii było jedną z adaptacji umożliwiających mezozoicznym gadom morskim ekspansję na otwarte morza? Na pytanie w jaki sposób ewoluowała homojotermia u gadów morskich spróbuje odpowiedzieć projekt badawczy pt. "Gady morskie i lądowe na tle środowiska triasu środkowego południowej Polski", realizowany na Uniwersytecie Śląskim.

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Nowy zespół kręgowców z marginalnomorskich i lądowych osadów dolnego kajpru (ladyn, środkowy trias) z Miedar na Śląsku

Sulej T., Niedźwiedzki G., Niedźwiedzki R., Surmik D., Stachacz M.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2011

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Vol. 59, nr 5

426-426

EN

Vertebrate remains, mostly nothosaurid vertebrae and long bones, archosaur partially preserved long bones and teeth (probably rauisuchid remains), fish teeth and scales, are described from the Lower Keuper Miedary Beds (Ladinian, Middle Triassic) of Miedary, Silesia, SW Poland. The analyzed vertebrate fossils were collected from three lithologically different types of deposits. The first assemblage, which contains nothosaurid and fish remains, occurs in yellowish dolomites, where poorly preseved invertebrate macrofossils were also found (marine bivalves and brachiopods). In grey-yellowish, sometimes greenish or red clays, rare isolated bones and teeth of large archosaur were found. In sandstone intercalations partially preserved and highly disarticulated fish fossils were identified. In all assemblages osteological remains are generally very well preserved. This new interesting vertebrate bones association from the upper part of the Middle Triassic marginal-marine strata of Poland has been correlated with age-equivalents from other regions of Europe.

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The Anisian carbonate ramp system of Central Europe (Peri-Tethys Basin): sequences and reservoir characteristics

Gotz A., Lenhardt N.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2011

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Vol. 61, no. 1

59-70

EN

During Middle Triassic times, the Peri-Tethys Basin bordered the north-western Tethys shelf and was connected to the open Tethys Ocean via three seaways. Today, Lower Muschelkalk carbonates of this epeiric sea cover large parts of Central Europe, documenting the evolution of a low-relief, homoclinal, mud-dominated ramp system during the Anisian. In view of their geotectonic/climatic setting, depositional processes, facies architecture, and distribution, the rocks are considered as an outcrop analogue for layer-cake reservoirs of world-wide importance, e.g. the Permo-Triassic Khuff or Jurassic Arab carbonates in the Middle East. In general, two different reservoir types and their interplay might be considered: The proximal stacks of muddy dolostones (NW part of the basin) and the more distally developed grainy limestones (central and SE part of the basin). The rather uncommon depositional setting with minor relief and minimal accommodation contributed to both, the stratal and lateral facies development, and to unusual and possibly even "inverted" facies patterns with thick, grainy facies found in the more distal environments. Based on litho- and microfacies analyses, six main facies types are distinguished, building characteristic cyclic facies successions of different hierarchies. The stratal architecture of small-scale depositional sequ ences systematically changes in relation to their relative proximal-distal position on the Muschelkalk ramp system. Here, we present porosity and permeability data of the different facies types and within the basin-wide sequence stratigraphic framework. Dolo-wacke-/packstones and peloid grainstones attain the highest porosities of up to 24%, whereas bioclastic grainstones show porosities of up to 8%. The platy and nodular mud-/wackestone and most of the bioclastic wacke-/packstones typically show porosities below 2%. Even in the most porous strata, permeabilities do not exceed 10 mD, and only a few carbonates show higher permeabilities up to 90 mD. Within large-scale, third-order depositional sequences late highstand deposits represent the most permeable sediments.

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Reefal environments and sedimentary processes of the Anisian Karchowice Beds in Upper Silesia, southern Poland

Matysik M.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2010

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Vol. 80, No 2

123-145

EN

The Anisian shallow-marine Karchowice Beds of the Upper Silesia represent reefal habitats and circum-reefal environments, where biological-mechanical interactions determine sedimentary processes and facies pattern. The purpose of this study was recognition of the interaction between biological and mechanical controls of carbonate deposition. Such interdependence resulted in considerable lateral variability of thickness and lithological features, observed at a distance of 25 km. The western part of the basin is dominated by proximal facies (reefal facies), whereas the eastern one represents distal facies (fore-reef). Sedimentary succession in the western area is twice as thick than the eastern one. It resulted from different rate of subsidence owing to block tectonics, controlled by reactivated ancestral Silesian-Moravian Fault. Small-scale synsedimentary faults confirm syndepositional tectonic activity in the region. Palaeogeographical position caused that the Upper Silesia was strongly affected by monsoon climate, generating storms. These storms contributed to episodic deposition, prevailing during the sedimentation of Karchowice Beds. However, most of time was represented by prolonged non-deposition periods, recorded as interstratal hiatuses, but also by forming of firmgrounds, micritization and coating of bioclasts or substrate recolonisation by organisms.

15

Środowisko sedymentacji i wczesna diageneza czarnych łupków ogniwa Passhatten (środkowy trias, Spitsbergen, Svalbard) na podstawie analizy geochemicznej

Karcz P.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2009

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Vol. 57, nr 10

918-926

EN

Geochemical analysis of the 50 samples of the Middle Triassic black shales (organic carbon-rich siltstones) has been carried out. The black shale samples (up to 4.92 % TOC) have been collected in the stratotype profile of the Bravaisberget Formation, west Spitsbergen. In the examined profile, the black shales occur exclusively in the Passhatten Member (the lower and middle interval of the Bravaisberget Formation). Black shale samples have been analyzed in respect to degree of pyritization (DOP), isotopic composition of pyrite sulphur (34S) and organic carbon content (TOC). The main goal of the research was to examine a degree of oxygenation and dynamics of a sea-bottom environment. DOPvalues from lower section of the Passhatten Member show wide variation, ranging from 0.29 to 0.92. In upper section of the member, the obtained DOPvalues show narrower range of variations, from 0.77 to 0.98.Wide variations of DOPwere caused by temporary coexistence of oxic and anoxic bottom currents. In turn, narrow DOP variations indicate predominance of stratified water and anoxic bottom currents. DOP/34S and DOP/TOC ratios imply that syngenetic and early diagenetic pyrite precipitation during accumulation of the lower section of the Passhatten Member was controlled by availability of organic carbon and reactive iron, whereas accumulation of the member's upper section was controlled exclusively by availability of reactive iron.

16

Środkowotriasowa ichnofauna kręgowców z "warstw z Krynek" w Górach Świętokrzyskich : wstępny przegląd

Niedźwiedzki G., Kin A., Remin Z., Małkiewicz M.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2007

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Vol. 55, nr 10

870-879

EN

Numerous specimens of vertebrate tracks were discovered in the uppermost Röt (uppermost Buntsandstein) deposits of "Krynki Beds" that crop out at Witulin, Parszów, Małe Jodło, Jarugi, Bliżyn, and Sorbin in the north-eastern and central margin of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. The following vertebrate ichnotaxa were identified in these localities: Chirotherium barthii Kaup, 1835; Chirotherium cf. sickleri; Synaptichnium cf. diabloense; Isochirotherium herculis (Egerton, 1839); ? Isochirotherium cf. herculis; Isochirotherium isp.; Chirotheriidae indet.; Rhynchosauroides isp., and Rhynchosauroidae indet. The ichnoassemblage from the "Krynki Beds" is very similar to ichnoassociations which are known from: 1) latest Early and early Middle Triassic (Upper Buntsandstein) deposits of the Central European Basin, 2) latest Early and early Middle Triassic Moenkopi Formation of USA, 3) Middle Triassic deposits of United Kingdom, France and Italy.

17

Reptile tracks (Rotodactylus) from the Middle Triassic of the Djurdjura Mountains in Algeria

Kotański Z., Gierliński G., Ptaszyński T.

Geological Quarterly

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2004

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Vol. 48, No 1

89--96

EN

In 1983, during stratigraphic investigations in the Djurdjura Mountains, vertebrate tracks were discovered in the Middle Triassic Haizer–Akouker Unit at the Belvédčre (Bkherdous) locality in Algeria. The footprints are about 2 cm long and consist of impressions of four clawed digits (I–IV), plus a reverted digit V. Manus imprints were overstepped by those of the pes. Originally interpreted as lizard footprints, they have been recently diagnosed as Rotodactylus cf. bessieri Demathieu 1984. In the current literature, Rotodactylus trackmakers are regarded as a group closest to dinosaurs among stem archosaurs. The footprints demonstrate a terrestrial sedimentary regime in the Maghrebids area during the ?late Anisian.

18

Triassic brittlestar beds of Poland : a case of Aspiduriella ludeni (v. HAGENOW, 1846) and Arenorbis squamosus (E. PICARD, 1858)

Radwański A.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2002

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Vol. 52, nr 4

395-410

EN

Exemplified by a new occurrence site of mass-aggregated Aspiduriella ludeni (v.HAGENOW, 1846) from the Lower Muschelkalk (lowest Anisian) sequence of the Holy Cross Mountains, Central Poland, discussed are life conditions of ophiuroids in that region of Muschelkalk Basin (Middle Triassic) in Central Europe. Postulated is their fast deposition (burial) by the rip-current transport of alive, possibly torpid, and/or newly specimens captured by stormy agitation from their shallow subtidal and/or intertidal habitats. The palaeogeographical setting of the Holy Cross region is compared to that of the Silesia region in southern Poland, highly influenced till the early-Middle Triassic by oceanic waters of the Tethyan Realm. Shortly reviewed and/or discussed are the formerly known ophiuroid occurrences in Silesia, to be supplemented by a mass-aggregated case of Arenorbis squamosus (E.PICARD, 1858). Commented are also other ophiuroid aggregations reperted from the Muschelkalk Basin, and whose occurrence is considered in terms of their environmental conditions controlled both by physical (fluctuation of water parameters, and its dynamics) and biotic (low predation stress) agents. A biogeographical significance of the Aspiduriella during Triassic is outlined, to suggest its Muschelkalk-refugee provenance in the late Middle and Late Triassic of the Tethyan Realm.