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Remote sensing monitoring of irrigated areas from 1972 to 2018 in the Guigou Plain, Middle Atlas, Morocco

El-Bouhali Abdelaziz, Cotonnec Adeline, Lebaut Sébastien, Amyay Mhamed, Thomas Alban, El Ouazani Ech-Chahdi Khadija, Laouanne Mohamed, Gille Emmanuel

Journal of Water and Land Development

2023

no. 56

249--261

The cartography and quantification of irrigated fields in the context of decreasing rainfall constitute a key element for water resources management. Therefore, in this context, the use of remote sensing methods applied to Landsat-type images with a high spatial resolution for monitoring the changes in land use in general and irrigated crops, in particular, is highly relevant. This paper aims to present a method for mapping spatial and temporal changes in irrigated parcels in the Guigou Plain, located in the central Middle Atlas, based on Landsat images and fieldwork. For the years 1985, 1998, 2010 and 2018, the use of a supervised classification method based on the principle of machine learning, fed by precise field surveys, has made it possible to highlight a significant extension of irrigated areas to the expense of pastureland and rainfed crops. Over the entire period under consideration, the results obtained with good precision (98.5% overall accuracy) showed that the area under irrigated crops has increased from approximately 699 ha to 3988 ha, i.e. an increase of 570%. The corollary of this increase is strong pressure on the water resource, especially groundwater. This information on the total extension of irrigated plots can be taken as a reference in the perspective of reasoned management of water resources in the sector.

Toarcian-Aalenian ammonite faunas from the western Middle Atlas (Morocco): controls of their distribution

El Hammichi F., Benshili K., Elmi S.

Volumina Jurassica

2006

Vol. 4, no. 1

169-169

The SW part of the Moroccan Middle Atlas represents an area where the ammonite faunas are often abundant either in outer bioclastic and ferruginous beds or in outer distal platform marly limestones (Mibladéne Fm. and Al Yabés Fm.). Sedimentary discontinuities are frequently marked by condensed (bioclastic, ferruginous and encrusted limestones). The biostratigraphy is based on the distribution of 120 species, 46 genera and 7 families. The ammonite succession fits well with the West Tethyan standards. However, there are noticeable differences between the faunal communities of the diverse sectors (“subbasins”) of the studied region. This differentiation is largely due to a palaeostructural partitioning provoked by extensional tectonic movements that strengthen or lessen the eustatic variations. The faunas are largely cosmopolitan at the exception of those of the Gradata and Bonarellii zones having a strong South-Tethyan character with Collina, Collinites, Telodactylites and Furloceras to the lack of Haugia, Brodieia, Grammoceras, Esericeras and Hudlestonia. The main qualitative turnover occurs at the beginning of the Gradata Zone and it is followed by a near complete segregation of faunal assemblages. This well known scenario is complicated by local to regional conditions linked both to environments, tectonics and, perhaps, climates. For example, Phylloceratina are rare, but Lytoceratina can be abundant, although these two groups present great variations in proportion of their occurrence to the entire fauna (37% in the condensed sections; 22% in the expanded successions). These data must be compared with the percentages of Phylloceratina and Lytoceratina in other Tethyan localities: 20% on the neritic seamounts of Sicily and of the Southern Alps; 30% on their borders; 70% in small and strongly subsiding subbasins (umbilicus) as well as at some levels of the Djebel Nador ammonitico rosso (Western Algeria) Hammatoceratids of the Aalensis and Opalinum zones are strongly similar to those of Sicily and Southern Alps. Presence of involute and acute Pseudaptetoceras klimakomphalum (Vacek) and P. christianae (Elmi & Mouterde) documents the seaways between the Alpine Tethys and the peri-Atlantic basins (Portugal).