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The Assessment of the Suitability of Lemon Balm and Alder Buckthorn Wastes for the Biogas Production

Czubaszek Robert

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 11

152--158

EN

The purpose of the study was to determine the suitability of wastes from herbal industry for the biogas production. The wastes of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) and alder buckthorn (Frangula alnus Mill.) were used for the biomethane potential test (BMP). The following properties were determined in the tested material: total solids content (TS), volatile solids content (VS), total Kjeldahl nitrogen content (TKN), total organic carbon content (TOC), total phosphorus content (P) and total potassium content (K). The biogas yield was monitored on the basis of the liquid displacement method. The examined wastes differed in terms of the basic properties affecting the biogas production. Alder buckthorn contained more VS, TKN and TOC, while lemon balm had a narrower C/N ratio and higher P and K content. The tested wastes were also different in terms of the biogas production kinetics. In the case of lemon balm, the highest production was observed at the beginning of the experiment, while the anaerobic digestion of alder buckthorn waste was only noticeable in the third week of the experiment. This delay caused higher cumulative methane yield of lemon balm waste by about 60% than that of alder buckthorn. Despite those differences, the wastes from both plants were suitable for biogas production, mainly as co-substrates. Co-digestion resolves the problem of utilizing such wastes and decreases the demand for energy crops such as maize which should be used as fodder and food in the first place. In addition, clear differences in the kinetics of anaerobic digestion may cause that a simultaneous use of both tested wastes will ensure continuous biogas production at a relatively high level.

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The Effects of Water Extracts from Lemon Balm on Pea Leaf Weevil and Black Bean Aphid Behaviour

Rusin M., Gospodarek J.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 6

139--145

EN

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various concentrations of water extracts prepared from the fresh or dry matter of lemon balm on Sitona lineatus L. and Aphis fabae Scop. behaviour. The assessment pertaining to the feeding intensity of beetles was carried out by measuring the surface of feeds caused by S. lineatus. While examining the effect of extracts on A. fabae, the mortality of wingless female and aphid larvae was determined. In the studies on the olfactory reaction glass olfactometer "Y tube" and 4 armed arena olfactometer were used. The results of the experiment showed that the water extract prepared from dry matter of lemon balm with 2% concentration limited the feeding of both female and male of S. lineatus. The increase in the mortality of the black bean aphid females and larvae was obtained only after applying the extracts from fresh and dry matter at highest concentrations. The evident deterrent reaction of the odour substances obtained from the lemon balm plants towards the beetles of S. lineatus, could find application in ecological farms via introducing the plant as an accompanying crop to the main crops. The winged individuals of A. fabae did not react to the abovementioned factor.

3

The Effects of Water Extracts from Lemon Balm on Colorado Potato Beetle Behaviour

Rusin M., Gospodarek J.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 5

122--127

EN

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various concentrations of water extracts prepared from the fresh or dry mass of lemon balm on the feeding of Colorado potato beetle larvae in L2 and L4 stages. The extracts from the dry matter were prepared at the concentrations of 2%, 5% and 10% and from the fresh matter at the concentrations of 10%, 20% and 30%. The feeding intensity assessment was conducted by dipping leaves of potato in respective solutions of the extracts and determining the mass of food consumed by larvae, as well as the changes of larvae body weight. In the studies on the olfactory reaction of adult insects, a glass “Y-tube” olfactometer was used. The feeding by L4 larvae of Colorado potato beetle was effectively limited by the extract prepared from the dry matter of lemon balm with 10% concentration. The larvae at L2 stage turned out to be more susceptible to the effects of extracts – the extracts in almost all used concentrations limited the feeding of the studied pest. The body weight gain in L2 and L4 larvae of Colorado potato beetle were effectively limited by the extracts prepared from the dry plants of lemon balm in as low concentration as 5%. However, the effect of extracts prepared from the fresh matter of lemon balm plants was effective in limiting the body weight gain of L4 larvae at the minimum concentration of 20%, whereas for L4 larvae the effective concentration was 30%. The evident deterrent reaction of odour substances originating from lemon balm plants towards the females of Colorado potato beetle was found. The males did not react to the above-mentioned factor.

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Effect of thiuram on the uptake of zinc by Melissa officinalis

Adamczyk D.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2007

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Vol. 14, nr 8

781-785

EN

The aim of this work was to study the influence of thiuram (tetramethylthiuram disulphide) on the uptake of zinc by Melissa officinalis. Thiuram belongs to fungicides, the compounds used to fight plant diseases caused by fungal pathogens. As a fungicide which acts through contact, it is used to prevent diseases of the leaves and for seed dressing [1]. In the herb cultivation it controls seed-borne diseases [2]. Thus, knowledge of its interaction with metal ions in soil may be very helpful to protect plants used in medicine and pharmacy against toxic contamination of the environment. Lemon Balm (Melissa Offcinalis) in many countries of Europe and also in Poland is cultivated as medical and spice plant [3]. For the sake of special application of lemon balm in herbalism, laboratory control of metal content in this plant is necessary. Zinc plays an important role in many biochemical functions within plants. The uptake of zinc by plants is related to its concentration in the soil so pollution of soil with this metal is dangerous [4]. In this work the amount of zinc was determined in roots and aboveground parts of plants cultivated on clean soil (without thiuram) and on soil contaminated by thiuram. The preliminary investigation was soil analyses (organic substances content, acidity, amount of zinc in exchangeable, bioavailable and total forms and granulometric analysis). In this soil, Melissa officinalis was cultivated in laboratory conditions using pot method. It was found out that the addition of thiuram affects the amount of zinc accumulated in thc plants. The treatment of the plants with thiuram caused a violent decrease of the content of zinc both in the aboveground parts and roots of the plants.

PL

Celem pracy było zbadanie wpływu tiuramu (disulfid bic-NN-dimetylotiokarbamylu) na pobieranie cynku przez melisę lekarską. Tiuram należy do grupy fungicydów tzn. związków stosowanych do zwalczania chorób roślin wywołanych przez patogeny grzybowe. Jako fungicyd o kontaktowym mechanizmie działania, jest stosowany zapobiegawczo przeciwko chorobom liści oraz do zaprawiania nasion [1]. W uprawach zielarskich zwalcza choroby przenoszone z nasionami [2]. Melisa lekarska należy do czołowych ziół leczniczych, przyprawowych i herabacianych. Ze względu na szczególne znaczenie i zastosowanie w ziołolecznictwie konieczna jest kontrola zawartości metali w tej roślinie. Cynk odgrywa w roślinach bardzo ważną funkcję w wielu procesach biochemicznych. Pobieranie cynku przez rośliny zależy od jego stężenia w glebie i dlatego zanieczyszczenie gleb tym metalem stanowi zagrożenie. W przedstawionej pracy określono zawartość cynku w korzeniach i częściach nadziemnych melisy lekarskiej uprawianej na glebie wolnej od dodatków oraz na glebie z dodatkiem tiuramu. Część wstępną pracy stanowiła analiza gleby (oznaczenie zawartości substancji organicznych, odczynu gleby, ilości cynku występującego w formie wymiennej, przyswajalnej i całkowitej oraz analiza granulometryczna). Na zbadanej glebie prowadzono uprawę melisy lekarskiej w warunkach laboratoryjnych, stosując uprawy doniczkowe. Przygotowano następujące serie próbek: I- rośliny uprawiane na glebie wolnej od dodatków; II - rośliny uprawiane na glebie z dodatkiem fungicydu. Rośliny spryskane tiuramem ścinano po 21, 65, 75, 80 dniach. Wysuszone rośliny mineralizowano mieszaniną HN03 i H2O2 z wykorzystaniem energii mikrofalowej. Zawartość metali oznaczono metodą FAAS.