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1

Conceptual architectural response to radiation on Mars

Malec Tomasz Eugeniusz

Architecture Civil Engineering Environment

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2023

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Vol. 16, no. 4

33--44

EN

The climatic conditions on Mars are significantly different from those on Earth, which is the main factor affecting the potential architectural solutions on this planet. Above all, high levels of cosmic radiation of solar and extragalactic origin require specific architectural solutions, such as a safe location and sufficient protection, which are determined by a complex set of factors. These factors include the accessibility of building materials on site, the range and predictability of changes in climatic conditions, and human needs. In this article, the significant influence of radiation on architecture, which should be addressed when planning temporary or permanent resilient settlements on Mars, is examined in the case of manned missions to the planet. For this purpose, a comprehensive literature review is conducted, focused on the latest radiation-related discoveries. As the main outcome, two main schematic architectural solutions are proposed as a step toward more advanced projects. In addition, the gaps that need to be filled in the current approach to the design process, related to the insufficiently strong focus on multidisciplinary site analysis with radiation as its main factor (as is necessary for erecting an inhabitable base) are addressed.

2

Górnictwo pozaziemskie w Polsce

Przylibski Tadeusz A., Łuszczek Katarzyna, Blutstein Konrad, Szczęśniewicz Mateusz, Ciapka Dominika

Przegląd Górniczy

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2022

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T. 78, nr 3

17--24

PL

Autorzy przedstawili aktualny na połowę 2022 roku stan szeroko rozumianego górnictwa pozaziemskiego w Polsce. Analiza autorów objęła wszelkie inicjatywy, projekty i badania, które dotyczą różnych aspektów eksploracji pozaziemskich ciał Układu Słonecznego pod kątem rozpoznania i wykorzystania znajdujących się na nich złóż różnorodnych surowców. W Polsce mamy obecnie wiele możliwości rozwoju sektora górnictwa pozaziemskiego. Sytuacja ta jednak w najbliższym czasie będzie się pogarszać, jeśli nie zostaną stworzone warunki do rozwoju tej dziedziny wiedzy i przemysłu. Oczywiście istotne jest zainwestowanie odpowiednich środków finansowych, ale także wykreowanie odpowiedniej polityki rozwoju i podjęcie kompleksowych działań sprzyjających rozwojowi dydaktyki i nauki w zakresie górnictwa i górnictwa pozaziemskiego. Równie istotne jest także wspieranie, a najlepiej realizowanie spójnej koncepcji rozwoju górnictwa pozaziemskiego, jako bardzo istotnej części przemysłu sektora kosmicznego.

EN

The Authors presented the current state of the broadly understood extraterrestrial mining in Poland in mid-2022. The authors’ analysis covered all initiatives, projects and research that relate to various aspects of the Solar System’s extraterrestrial bodies exploration in terms of the identification and use of various raw materials on them. Currently we have many opportunities for the development of the extraterrestrial mining sector in Poland. However, this situation will deteriorate in the near future, if the conditions for the development of this field of knowledge and industry are not created. Of course, it is crucial to invest appropriate funds, but also to create an appropriate development policy and undertake comprehensive activities conducive to the development of teaching and science in the field of mining and extraterrestrial mining. It is also equally important to support, and preferably implement, a coherent concept for the development of extraterrestrial mining as a significant part of the space sector industry.

3

Analiza budowy i działania układu zawieszenia łazika Scorpio X

Lorek Bartłomiej, Bernat Rafał, Kosobudzki Mariusz

Journal of TransLogistics

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2022

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Vol. 8, nr 1

61-72

PL

W artykule przedstawiono charakterystykę konstrukcji układu zawieszenia zależnego pojazdu wysokiej mobilności Scorpio X, skonstruowanego na potrzeby uczestniczenia w zawodach łazików marsjańskich serii Rover Challenge. Przedstawiono i omówiono podstawowe wymagania regulaminowe zawodów oraz koncepcję zawieszenia pojazdu. Analizy ograniczono do wybranych warunków ruchu pojazdu, tj. pokonywania pojedynczej przeszkody terenowej. Wyznaczono przełożenie kinematyczne w przyjętym układzie zawieszenia oraz poddano analizie wartości sił, jakie oddziałują na elementy zawieszenia. Obliczono wartości odkształceń elementów zawieszenia i ramy pojazdu. Przedstawiono również wnioski z użytkowania pojazdu i wymagane zmiany jakie należy wprowadzić do kolejnej wersji pojazdu.

EN

The article presents the characteristics of the structure of the dependent suspension system of the Scorpio X high-mobility vehicle, constructed for the purpose of participating in the competition of Mars rovers of the Rover Challenge series. The basic regulatory requirements of the competition and the concept of the vehicle suspension were presented and discussed. The analyses were limited to selected vehicle motion conditions, i.e. negotiating a single terrain obstacle. The kinematic ratio in the adopted suspension system was determined, and the values of forces that affect the suspension elements were analyzed. The deformation values of the suspension elements and the vehicle frame were calculated. The conclusions from the use of the vehicle and the required changes to be made to the next version of the vehicle were also presented.

4

Potential extraterrestrial sources of lithium

Blutstein Konrad

Geological Quarterly

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2021

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Vol. 65, No. 4

195--203

EN

Extracting raw materials from extraterrestrial sources is a prerequisite for the expansion of our civilization into space. It will be necessary to acquire there practically all commonly used elements – including lithium. The most valuable source of this element currently appears to be lunar soil and rocks, especially K-rich rocks and breccias (>10 ppm of Li). Among the meteorites, the highest content of lithium is characterized by lunar mare basalts and gabbro, eucrites, Martian polymict breccia, nakhlites, howardites (>5 ppm), shergottites, chassignites, lunar anorthosites breccias, mesosiderites, ureilites (>2.5 ppm), diogenites, LL, angrites, H (>2 ppm), L, CM, CO, CV, EH, CI (>1.5 ppm), brachinites, aubrites, EL, CR (>1 ppm), CK and main-group pallasites (<1 ppm). This means that a potential extraterrestrial source of lithium can be the Moon, Mars, and the 4 Vesta minor planet considered as the probable parent body of HED meteorites.

5

Z mapą na podbój Marsa

Czekaj Damian

Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny

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2021

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nr 4

8--13

6

Architectural form of a Martian habitat: Digital analyses of space radiation and insolation of a water-ice construction

Dzieduszyński Tomasz

Przestrzeń i Forma

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2020

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nr 41

9--24

EN

Researchers and architects responsible for the design of Martian habitats currently direct their attention towards unconventional construction materials, such as water-ice. In this article, a method of architectural forming based on safe radiation levels, insolation and radiation simulations (OLTARIS) is proposed. The suggested methodology allows for a delineation of the design guidelines in a graphical form legible for the architect designing an ice habitat.

PL

Badacze i architekci pracujący nad projektami habitatów marsjańskich coraz częściej zwracają się ku niekonwencjonalnym materiałom budowlanym, w tym ku wodnemu lodowi. W niniejszym artykule zaproponowano metodę kształtowania formy architektonicznej lodowej bazy marsjańskiej w oparciu o bezpieczne dla mieszkańców poziomy szkodliwego promieniowania kosmicznego, symulacje nasłonecznienia i promieniowania jonizującego (OLTARIS). Zaprezentowana metoda pozwala opracować graficzne wytyczne dla architekta projektującego lodowy habitat.

7

Temperature and humidity monitoring to identify ideal periods for liquefaction on Earth and Mars : data from the High Andes

Kereszturi Akos, Pal Bernardett, Gyenis Akos

Geological Quarterly

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2020

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Vol. 64, No. 4

898--914

EN

During an almost two week-long field campaign in the Atacama Desert high altitude region of Ojos del Salado volcano, temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) values were monitored on the surface and <1-5 cm sized rocks, focusing on the night-time values. The aim was to identify and evaluate potential temporal characteristics of daily T and RH changes, searching for ideal periods for deliquescence that has recently been proposed for Mars. Although the atmospheric pressure on Mars is much lower than on Earth, and the atmosphere is drier in general, the huge daily temperature fluctuation there could produce elevated humidity values at night-time; this aspect has thus been analysed on Earth at a desert location, where because of the high elevation night-time cooling is very strong, just like on Mars. Different nearby surface locations showed the same temporal T/RH characteristics, but evident variations were observed between different days. Strong fluctuations could be observed on 10-20 minute long temporal scales, that might influence the deliquescence process, and should be accounted for in future missions aiming to analyse this process on Mars. Night-time periods were favourable for deliquescence. Among the modelled Mars-relevant salts [CaCl2, Ca(ClO4)2, Mg(ClO4)2, NaCl] the longest durations of possible deliquescence were for CaCl2, Ca(ClO4)2 and Mg(ClO4)2, ~7-12 hours for one day. The duration for deliquescence showed some increase along with the rising elevation, due to the decreasing night-time temperature. Thus despite the low humidity on Mars, the cold nights may cause elevated RH towards deliquescence. The Atacama Desert locations analysed are a useful analogue of the deliquescence process on Mars. Fluctuation in RH was observed in night-time, suggesting that similar variability might be present on Mars, and that should be considered in the future, including in evaluating how fast the microscopic liquid formation progresses. Night-time slope winds expected on Mars might have a strong impact on the local T/RH conditions. A more detailed analysis in the future should focus on identifying and separating regions with and without much of the expected night-time fluctuation.

8

Desert loess: a selection of relevant topics

Smalley Ian, Marshall John, Fitzsimmons Kathryn, Whalley W. Brian, Ngambi Samson

Geologos

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2019

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Vol. 25, No. 1

91--102

EN

In discussions on loess, two types are often demarcated: glacial loess and desert loess. The origin of the idea of desert loess appears to lie with V.A. Obruchev who observed wind-carried silt on the Potanin expedition to Central Asia in 1895. It might be considered that desert loess would be defined as loess associated with deserts but it came to be thought of as loess produced in deserts. This led to some controversy as no mechanism for producing silt particles in deserts was readily available. Bruce Butler in Australia in particular cast doubt on the existence of desert-made loess. Butler indicated loess-like deposits in Australia which he called Parna; these are very like loess but the silt sized particles are actually clay mineral agglomerates of silt size- formed in dry lake regions. At the heart of the desert loess discussion is the problem of producing loess material in deserts. It has been suggested that there are no realistic mechanisms for forming large amounts of loess dust but there is a possibility that sand grain impact may produce particle shattering and lead to the formation of quartz silt. This would appear to be a reasonable mechanism for the African deposits of desert loess, but possibly inadequate for the huge deposits in China and Central Asia. The desert loess in China and Central Asia is loess associated with a desert. The material is formed in cold, high country and carried by rivers to the vicinity of deserts. It progresses then from deserts to loess deposit. Adobe ground may be defined as desert loess. Adobe occurs on the fringe of deserts, notably in the Sahelian region of Africa, and in SW USA. The use of adobe in construction represents the major utilization of desert loess in a social context. More understanding of adobe is required, in particular with respect to the adobe reaction, the low order chemical reaction which provides modest cementitious properties, and can be likened to the pozzolanic reactions in hydrating cement systems. The location of loess and loess-like ground on the peripheries of deserts is aided by the observation of the nesting sites of bee-eater birds. These birds have a determined preference for loess ground to dig their nesting tunnels; the presence of nest tunnels suggests the occurrence of desert loess, in desert fringe regions. We seek amalgamation and contrast: ten main topics are considered: words and terms, particles, parna, geotechnical, adobe, people, birds, Africa, Central Asia, Mars. The aim is some large generalizations which will benefit all aspects of desert loess investigation.

9

Rok pod znakiem Czerwonej Planety

Desselberger J.

Przegląd Techniczny : Gazeta Inżynierska

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2018

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nr 1

22

10

ROP mathematical model of rotary-ultrasonic core drilling of brittle material

Horne M. F.

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2017

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Vol. 11, no 1

1--28

EN

The results from the Phoenix mission led scientists to believe it is possible that primitive life exists below the Martian surface. Therefore, drilling in Martian soil in search for organisms is the next logical step. Drilling on Mars is a major engineering challenge due to the drilling depth requirement and extreme environment condition. Mars lacks a thick atmosphere and a continuous magnetic field that shield the planet’s surface from solar radiation and solar flares. As a result, the Martian surface is sterile and if life ever existed, it must be found below the surface. In 2001, NASA’s Mars Exploration Payload Advisory Group proposed that drilling should be considered as a priority investigation on Mars in an effort of finding evidence of extinct or extant life. The results from the Curiosity mission suggested drilling six meters deep in the red planet in search for life. Excavation tools deployed to Mars so far have been able to drill to a maximum depth of 6.5 cm. Thus, the drilling capabilities need to be increased by a factor of approximately 100 to achieve the goal of drilling six meters deep. This requirement puts a demand on developing new and more effective technologies to reach this goal. Previous research shows evidence of a promising drilling mechanism in rotary-ultrasonic for what it offers in terms of high surface quality, faster rate of penetration and higher material removal rate. This research addresses the need to understand the mechanics of the drill bit tip and rock interface in rotary-ultrasonic drilling performance of one drill bit at a time drilling in three types of rocks that vary in strength. A mathematical model identifying all contributing independent parameters, such as drill bit design parameters, drilling process parameters, ultrasonic wave amplitude and rocks’ material properties, that have effect on rate of penetration is developed. Analytical and experimental results under ambient condition are presented to show the effect of the variation of different parameters on rate of penetration performance as a first step of the investigation. It was found that the speed and WOB have significant effect on ROP while the rest of the parameter have very little or no effect.

11

Modelling of spectra with and without dust from Martian surface based on infrared data

Zalewska N.

Prace Instytutu Lotnictwa

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2016

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Nr 4 (245)

287--308

EN

This article aims to show mineral composition of Mars surface based on TES spectra (Thermal Emission Spectrometer-Mars Global Surveyor), measured in infrared thermal range. It presents how, based on TES data, spectra from selected Martian regions were modelled and interpreted after prior removal of atmospheric influences from the spectra using the Radiative Transfer Algorithm and Deconvolution Algorithm. The spectra from dark area of Cimmeria Terra and light Isidis Planitia were elaborated in cited publications. In the case of light areas ex. Arsia Mons, spectrum of dusty weathered surface of Mars was obtained (also after removal of atmospheric influences) from averaging spectra of dusty regions of Mars. Those aforementioned spectra were used in modelling Martian surface aiming to determine their mineral composition. Deconvolution Algorithm was chosen from the mentioned methods as a tool for the modelling. The spectra described above were used for the Martian surface modelling, such as the Hellas Basin and Martian meteorites SNC (Shergottites, Nakhlites, Chassignites), in order to determine their mineral composition. As a modelling tool one of the following methods of deconvolution algorithm can be chosen. Spectra for the modelling were obtained from the PFS spectrometer (Planetary Fourier Spectrometer) - (Mars Express) and mineralogical composition of basalts from the southern part of Poland were used for this purpose. The method of modelling which was used to determine the mineral composition of Mars and dust can be used in determining mineral composition of selected areas on the Earth from aerial and satellite levels, e.g., soil and vegetation with the use of spectral libraries and spectra of individual plant species.

PL

Artykuł opisuje próbę przybliżenia składu mineralogicznego powierzchni Marsa na podstawie gotowych widm z TES (Thermal Emission Spectrometer-Mars Global Surveyor), zmierzonych w podczerwieni, w zakresie termalnym. Przedstawione tu będzie, jak na podstawie danych z TES zostały modelowane i zinterpretowane widma z wybranych terenów Marsa po uprzednim oddzieleniu wkładu atmosfery od całości widma, algorytmami: transferu promieniowania (Radiative Transfer Algorithm) i dekonwolucji (Deconvolution Algorithm). W cytowanych publikacjach opracowano widma z ciemnego obszaru Cimmeria Terra i obszaru jasnego - Isidis Planitia . W przypadku obszarów jasnych, przykładowo obszar Arsia Mons, widmo zapylonej i zwietrzałej powierzchni Marsa zostało uzyskane (również po oddzieleniu wpływu atmosfery) z uśrednienia widm pochodzących z terenów o wysokim zapyleniu. Te opisane powyżej widma zostały wykorzystane do modelowania powierzchni marsjańskich, takich jak basen Hellas oraz meteoryty marsjańskie SNC, w celu ustalenia ich składu mineralnego. Jako narzędzie modelowania wybrano jedną z wymienionych metod Deconvolution Algorithm. Widma do własnego modelowania były pozyskane ze spektrometru PFS (Planetary Fourier Spectrometer)-(Mars Express) oraz wykorzystano w tym celu skład mineralogiczny bazaltów z południowej części Polski.

12

Algorytmika wyznaczania względnej pozycji łazików marsjańskich

Kotlarz J., Zalewska N.

Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka

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2015

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R. 19, nr 4

43--53

PL

W artykule przedstawiono rozwój metod nawigacyjnych w kolejnych misjach marsjańskich ZSRR, UE i USA oraz opisano najważniejsze algorytmy wyznaczania względnej pozycji na podstawie analizy zdjęć panchromatycznych rejestrowanych przez współczesne łaziki i zdjęć wykonanych przez satelity znajdujące się na orbicie Czerwonej Planety. Zaprezentowane wnioski mogą służyć jako wskazówki do wypracowania założeń i warunków przeprowadzenia eksperymentu użycia wybranych algorytmów na łaziku lub komputerze dowolnej platformy wielosensorowej.

EN

The current European Space Agency space programs assume the use of autonomous, mobile, equipped with advanced scientific instruments rovers on the Moon and Mars surfaces. Precise determination of position and orientation is one of the most important skills in such programs. During succesive missions a number of image-processing algorithms for determining rover position were developed. The results showed that the algorithm able to determine precisely position in any type of a terrain and for any kind of conditions does not exist. Scientists and engineers from ESA’s ESTEC are have been carrying out works on two different directions of algorithms development. First: algorithm that will be applicable to most of conditions on Mars, second: development of previous algorithms results validation methods (cross-validation, perhaps). In this paper we present navigation techniques in past Russian, European and US missions to the Mars and the most important image-processing algorithms for determining rover position. Our conclusions can be used as a guide for assumptions and conditions of the autonomous navigation experiment design.

13

Projekt koncepcyjny globalnego systemu nawigacyjnego dla Marsa

Jaroszewicz A.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Rzeszowskiej. Mechanika

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2013

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z. 85[288], nr 3

267--285

PL

Współcześnie Mars stał się obiektem bezprecedensowego wyścigu wielu państw w eksploracji planety, której ukoronowaniem ma się stać lądowanie ludzi na powierzchni Czerwonej Planety. Załogowa wyprawa na Marsa będzie wymagać stworzenia globalnego systemu nawigacyjnego planety oraz zapewnienia ciągłej, szerokopasmowej transmisji danych z Ziemią. Współczesna nawigacja sond międzyplanetarnych znajdujących się w dalekiej przestrzeni kosmicznej jest procesem złożonym, czasochłonnym i kosztownym, wymagającym do pracy złożonej infrastruktury naziemnej. Proces nawigacji jest całkowicie nieautonomiczny, sonda nie jest w stanie, wykorzystując aparaturę pokładową, określić swojego położenia przestrzennego w przyjętym układzie odniesienia. W pracy został przedstawiony projekt koncepcyjny dopplerowskiego globalnego systemu nawigacyjnego dla planety Mars, pozwalającego na określenie położenia obiektu na powierzchni planety i w bliskiej przestrzeni w czasie nieprzekraczającym 2 h, oraz systemu łączności, zapewniającego wzajemną łączność pomiędzy sondami / lądownikami i retransmisję danych z powierzchni Marsa na Ziemię.

EN

Mars has become the object of an unprecedented race of many countries in the exploration of the planet, which is to become the crowning achievement of landing humans on the surface of the Red Planet. Manned mission to Mars will require the construction of a global navigation system of the planet and ensure continuous broadband data transmission to Earth. The contemporary navigation of interplanetary probes in outer space is a complex, time-consuming and expensive process required to operate a complex ground-based infrastructure. The navigation process is fully nonautonomous and the probe, using on-board equipment, can not find its spatial position in taken reference system. The article presents the conceptual project of Doppler global navigational system for Mars planet allowing for finding position of the object at the planet's surface and in space at the time not exceeding two hours and the communication system assuring mutual communication between probes/lander and data retransmission from Mars to Earth.

14

Transport kosmiczny II

Cwojdziński L., Lewitowicz J.

TTS Technika Transportu Szynowego

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2012

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R. 19, nr 9

445--451, CD

PL

Odbywania lotów poza obszarem atmosfery ziemskiej wymaga nowego rodzaju statków latających zapewniających transport kosmiczny. Umożliwia to eksplorację i wykorzystywanie przestrzeni pozaziemskiej, bliższego i dalszego kosmosu. Ciekawe i ważne zagadnienia związane z transportem kosmicznym obejmują: budowa rakiet, promy i pojazdy kosmicznych, systemy sterowania, transport ładunków na bliższe i dalsze orbity pozaziemskie, łączność satelitarna, astronomia, geofizyka kosmiczna, badanie planet, międzynarodowa stacja kosmiczna, satelity komunikacyjne i ich wykorzystywanie, człowiek w przestrzeni kosmicznej, turystyka kosmiczna, lotniska kosmiczne (na ziemi i lądowiska na innych planetach), logistyka transportu kosmicznego. Wszystkie te obszary badawcze i techniczne rozwijane są w NASA, Europejskiej Agencji Kosmicznej, Rosji, Chinach, Japonii. Ostatnio najwięcej uwagi poświęca się badaniom Marsa i przygotowywaniem wylotu człowieka na tę planetę.

EN

In order to fly out of the earth atmosphere area some new airships ensuring the space transport are needed. The ones can make possible the proximal and distal, as well, space area to be explored and used. Interesting and important problems concerned with the space transport include: design of rockets, space ferries and vehicles, control systems, special cargo transport into proximal and distal earth orbits, satellite communication, astronomy, space geophysics, exploration of planets, international space stations, communication satellites and their operation, “man in space”, space tourism, landing places (earth and another planets), space transport logistics. All these research and technological areas are developed by NASA, European Space Agency, Russia, China, Japan. The Mars exploration and human flight to the planet preparation are of special, last time interest.

15

Spectral scaling in Mars topography: effect of craters

Nikora V., Goring D.

Acta Geophysica

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2006

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Vol. 54, no. 1

100-112

EN

Extensive computer simulations aimed at testing a hypothesis that impact craters may explain the scaling behaviour of surface spectra are presented. The simulations show that indeed crater effects alone may explain the spectral scaling of Mars’ topography revealed from MOLA data. The range of the scaling exponents obtained for a wide range of simulation parameters does not exceed the limits observed for Mars. The simulations suggest that the shape of large craters is the key factor lead-ing to the two scaling ranges in the surface spectra. Particular values of the scaling exponents may additionally depend on the depth-diameter relationship and the crater size distribution.

16

Chemia radiacyjna eksploracji Marsa

Zagórski Z .P.

Postępy Techniki Jądrowej

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2004

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z. 2

30-38