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Konserwacja reliktów architektury i malarstawa ściennego w Marinie el-Alamein

Medeksza S.

Architectus

2000

Nr 1(7)

5--18

W okresie od 16 marca do 30 maja 1999 r., w Mannie el-Alamein, na terenie wczesnorzymskiego miasta, piąty sezon [7, s. 42-52], [8, s. 82-88], [9, s. 72-76], [10, s. 51-62], pracowała polsko-egipska misja konserwatorska.Głównym tematem prac konserwatorskich jest częściowa rekonstrukcja reliktów domów mieszkalnych i ich wyposażenia, pochodzących z okresu grecko-rzymskiego, oznaczonych na planie numerami H9 i H9a oraz H10, HlOa, HlOb i H19 (ryc. 1 i 2). Na podstawie znalezisk oraz biorąc pod uwagę wyniki badań polskich archeologów pracujących na terenie zachodniej nekropolii sądzimy, że miasto funkcjonowało w długim okresie od II w. p.n.e. - VI w. [3, s. 12], [8, s. 82-88]. Domy mieszkalne, w ich pierwszej fazie, roboczo można datować na koniec I i na II wiek [8, s. 82-88], [10, s. 51-62], [12, s. 117-154]. W późniejszym okresie były one wielokrotne przebudowywane. Struktury poddawane konserwacji są wstępnie datowane na koniec II i III w. W niewiele zmienionej formie domy te funkcjonowały co najmniej do końca IV w. [ 10, s. 51 -62], [12, s. 117-154]. Zniszczenie układów pierwotnych wiązać można ze skutkami jakiegoś kataklizmu. Może było to trzęsienia ziemi. Tego typu hipotezę sugerować mogą mury i kolumny przewrócone do pozycji poziomej w niezmienionym, choć rozłuźnionym układzie wątku. W ostatnim czasie uchwycono w paru miejscach pierwotny poziom zabudowy. W domach HIOa i H9b oraz pierwszy poziom użytkowy ulicy przy wejściu do domuH10 jest o około 1,00 m niższy od poziomu kamiennych posadzek domów z końca II i przełomu III i IV w.

The Polish-Egyptian Conservation Mission, directed by the author, has been working in Marina el-Alamain on the terrain of an early Roman town, for the fifth season. The subject of the con-servation works is a complex of dwelling house relics together with the furnishings originating from the Greek-Roman period. It is very difficult to date them as we have no evidence from older excavations. Basing on our findings and taking into consideration the results of investigations of Polish archeologists carrying out explorations in the area of the western necropolis, we think that the town together with its necropolises functioned in a long time span, from the 2nd to the 6th century B.C. Whereas, the houses may practically be dated as coming from the end of the 1st and 2nd century B.C. Later, they were rebuilt many times. The structures undergoing conservation we initially date at the 2nd to the 4th century B.C. The devastation of original arrangements may be bound partly with the results of various c^aclysms and partly with natural degradation. In the last years we have been able to observe in some places an earlier level of building, about 0,80-1 m lower than the level of the houses undergoing conservation. The houses are located in the southern part of the antique town whose ancient name has not, as yet, been precisely determined. According to analyses of sources the town could have been called Leucaspis or Antiphrae. We have no material references which would enable us to establish ultimately its name. In the season of 1998 we came upon on the relics of a niche enclosed by plastered half-columns and surmounted by a moulding and a triangled tympanum filled by a conch. There were also discovered fragments of paintings which we connect with the solar cult. The reconstructed fragment shows three busts of figures above the clouds. Each of the heads is surrounded by a halo. The first on the left is Helios, the second Harpokrates as the young sun, and highest is Serapis. They all look to the right. The main figure was in the axis of the painting and this, up to our times, has been preserved only in faint fragments. To the right, symmetrically to the preserved figures there were, most probably, female moon deities: Selene versus Helios and Isis as the mother of Harpokrates. As yet, it has not been determined which goddess could have been the third image in this, without doubt, symmetrical painting. Initially, on the basis of the style, we can assume that the cult niche with this painting comes, most probably, from the turn of the 2nd and 3rd century B.C. These opinions will, succeedingly, be verified by comparative studies. The niche itself shows a double-phaseness. On the basis of vague fragments of capitals we may initially ascertain that at least in phase I they represent a type called Nabatean, popular in the locality of Marina. The painting underwent carefull conservation in the season of the year 1999. Due to constant, very profuse graining out, its transformation to a new, free from pollution foundation, was decided. Also in the season of 1999, the niche in accomodation 2. was subjected to partial anastylosis and reconstruction. We do not foresee the mounting of the painting in the niche. The original, after conservation, has been prepared for exposition in a museum. During the cleaning of accomodation 2. we came upon an additional, small accomodation. It is located next to the main entrance to the house. From the rubble heaps we extracted a fairly well preserved relic of another wall painting, most probably presenting Heron or Serapis, with fragments of a painted black frame. Initially, we can also date it at the turn of the 2nd and 3rd century. The bearded head is surrounded by a blue halo, the hair flows on either side of the neck to the shoulders. A mondius is recognizable on the head. From behind the right shoulder there is visible the handgrip (hilt-guard) of a sword or the shaft of a spear. The figure holds a cornucopia in its left hand. A fragment of a garland is seen above the figure. This may testify to the fact that the figure discovered may only be a part of the presentation. A fragment of the lower part of the painting has been preserved, showing either a pedestal on which stood the fully dimensioned figure or a fragment of the altar. Doubts as to the interpretation of details are created by the very bad state of the painting's surface. In 1999 the painting was subjected to a detailed conservation. In this case the foundation was supplemented, it was formed of artificial stone. The painting was made ready for a museum expo-sition. In the portico courtyard and surrounding accomodations there were found many architectonic details. These were: fragments of mouldings, tambours, capitals and bases of columns, as well as fragments of door jambs. All architectonic details have been catalogued.

Konserwacja grecko-rzymskiej osady w Marinie el-Alamein

Czerner R., Medeksza S.

Architectus

1999

Nr 2(6)

13--20

W 1986 roku w Egipcie, w miejscu zwanym dzisiaj Mariną, niedaleko el-Alamein, zostały odkryte pozostałości antycznego miasta (ryc. 1), które wraz z nekropolą funkcjonowało od II wieku p.n.e. do III wieku n.e [1, s. 12]. Nazywało się prawdopodobnie, co wciąż jeszcze pozostaje do udowodnienia, bądź Leucaspis, bądź Anti-phrae. Od czasu odkrycia na terenie miasta i nekropoli są prowadzone poszukiwania archeologiczne. Badania architektury miejskiej prowadził zespół egipskich archeologów z aleksandryjskiego oddziału Rady Antyczności, kierowany przez Mohammeda Ali Abd el-Razka. Eksplorację zachodniej nekropoli prowadzi pod kierunkiem prof. Wiktora A. Daszewskiego misja archeologiczna Polskiego Centrum Archeologii Śródziemnomorskiej Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. Równolegle do prac wykopaliskowych Polskie Centrum Archeologii sponsorowało w latach 1988-1993 kolejne misje konserwatorskie: najpierw prowadzone przez arch. Włodzimierza Bentkowskiego, następnie jako wspólne polsko-egipskie misje pod kierunkiem arch. Jarosława Dobrowolskiego.

In 1986 at the location of today's Marina El-Alamcin vestiges of the ancient town were discovered, that along with the necropolis functioned from the 2nd c. BC to the 3rd c. AD. Its name, still to be proven beyond a doubt, was presumably Lcucaspis or Antiphrac. The area has been explored archaeologically since its discovery. The urban architecture has been investigated by a team of Egyptian archaeologists from the Alexandrian division of the Supreme Council for Antiquities, directed by Mohammed Ali Abd cl-Razck. Explorations of the western necropolis arc conducted by an archaeological mission from the Polish Centre of Archaeology of Warsaw University, directed by Wiktor A. Daszewski. Parallel with the excavations, the Polish Centre has sponsored successive conservation missions in the years 1988-1993. First, under the supervision of architect Włodzimierz Bentkowski, then as a joint Polish-Egyptian mission directed by architect Jarosław Dobrowolski. In 1995 the Polish-Egyptian Mission for Conservation, directed by Stanisław Mcdcksza began to work. The necropolis. Successive missions for conservation, directed by Dobrowolski, concentrated upon the reconstruction of the complex of columnar tomb monuments discovered by Polish archaeologists on the western necropolis. This spectacular anastylosis was the first conservation actually accomplished at Marina. The three columnar tombs, which were found to have fallen down to pieces, were then reconstructed using the original elements and partly the new stone blocks. The town. Between 1987 and 1995, that is, from the time when relics of two houses, designated as H9 and H9a, were dug up to the moment the Polish-Egyptian mission started conservation works, almost no prevention measures were taken with respect to the buildings. The ruins suffered from extreme devastation as a result of active saline rains and seasonal strong winds carrying abrasive sand that aggressively attacked the stones. This way the documentation for architectural conservation prepared by the previous teams was no longer valid. The present mission, working on the conservation of houses in Marina, had to prepare new documentation recording the current state of the fabric. The first interventions were made to elaborate proper methods for the future work. In the next seasons of 1996 and 1997, the large scale works were executed as regards the preservation and conservation of excavated relics. The general objective of these works, apart from the protection of ruins, was to make the plan of the houses comprehensive for future visitors and, where possible, also to include the height and the whole arrangement. The works comprised: 1. Conservation of the existing relics of the walls and their partial reconstruction. A very thorough pointing was necessary in all the walls made of roughly shaped stone pieces, because of the extensive erosion suffered by the joints and wall tops. The walls that were technically sound when excavated, were by the beginning of the conservation in a condition that excluded any hope for preserving the ancient substance in its original form. The only way was to carry out comprehensive rebuilding and building up of the walls to reinforce the structure and to make the houses' functional plans more comprehensive. 2. Reconstruction of wall niches. In many rooms of the house H9, always in the walls made of roughly shaped stone pieces there were small niches. Although the niches had been all preserved before the conservation, they almost never saved their full height.Their jambs were damaged and only few of them maintained original lintels. Therefore their in reconstruction had also to be done during the in conservation of the walls they belonged to. 3. Anastylosis and reconstruction of door jambs. During the conservation the door jambs were build up one stone layer over the original jamb blocks that had been cither preserved in situ or put again in the original positions. This way the door jambs were reconstructed higher than adjacent preserved or reconstructed walls. Consequently each door, although never returned to the full original height, always distinguishes from the neighbourhood. 4. Anastylosis and reconstruction of columns and pillars (the courtyard of the house H9). The full anastylosis of two columns, one pillar and one adjacent semi-column was made in the porticocd courtyard of the house H9. It was achieved with the use of original elements such as drums square blocks and capitals. The bases and the lower parts of reconstructed elements had been preserved in situ and needed only conservation and protection. However, some missing parts of column shafts and pillars, necessary for the anastylosis had to be made anew of limestone. There was also made a partial anastylosis of other elements of the same courtyard's porticoes. 5. Conservation of pavements or making new ones. Reconstruction of destroyed parts of vaults of cellars and cisterns. These works comprised repairing or pointing all pavement joints between slabs and preparation of a new gravel floor in several rooms. The destroyed parts of vaults of the cellar and of the cisterns were reconstructed. 6. Protection of the architectural details and reconstructed walls from future damage. The last course of wall tops was consolidated for 20 protection against water penetration and chemical damage caused by it. The wall coping not only has to assure good protection from the water penetration, but also its aesthetic character is important. It was designed in a form such as to make it clear that the original walls were higher than reconstructed ones. The protection of columns, pillars and their architectural details against the surface destruction by crystallizing salts was achieved by specially designed coating plaster. 7. Cleaning and landscaping the area around the house. The excavated area surrounding the villas H9 and H9a was widened in a stripe about four to five metres wide. This space was delimited by a regularly formed slope.