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Game of Proxies – Towards a new model of warfare: Experiences from the CAR, Libya, Mali, Syria, and Ukraine

Kozera Cyprian Aleksander, Bernat Paweł, Gürer Cüneyt, Popławski Błażej, Sözer Mehmet Alper

Security and Defence Quarterly

2020

Vol. 31, No. 4

77--97

The objective of the study is to carry out a meaningful comparison that demonstrates the similarities and differences of various conflict theatres where proxy forces were employed. The analyses of the discussed cases focused on different aspects of the conflict and nature of the proxy use. The analyses presented on the following pages were conducted on the basis of the literature on the subject, governmental research and reports, and supporting sources reporting recent developments that complemented academic sources. Various non-state actors such as ethnic militias, paramilitary units, and private military companies have become more and more visible on contemporary battlegrounds. Modern states employ those actors to further their objectives, as this limits their own political and financial costs. This increasingly visible phenomenon points to an emerging new model of warfare where state actors are relying ever more on proxies of various character and nature. It is highly likely that any future conflict will be characterised by a proxy-based model of warfare, which will consist of a limited footprint made by regular forces (or none at all) and, consequently, the extended use of proxies supported by special forces. Because such an approach is less costly, proxies will be more often employed by low-budget states, previously reluctant to carry out such costly military endeavours. Denying the actions and affiliations of these proxies will inevitably follow and, in turn, a lack of political accountability and responsibility for the conflict’s outcome.

Wyniki mineralogicznych i geochemicznych badań ewaporatów ze złoża Taudenni-Agorgott (Mali, Sahara Zachodnia)

Pająk J., Pawlikowski M.

Auxiliary Sciences in Archaeology, Preservation of Relics and Environmental Engineering

2013

nr 16

1--18

Field as well as mineralogical and geochemical investigation of evaporates of Taoudenni-Agorgott deposit were performed. It was stated out that the profile is composed of halite, glauberite, gypsum, carbonates, quartz and clay minerals. The sequence of the presence of minerals at the profile suggests the deposit is the result of evaporation of salty lake during drying of climate at the Sahara Desert. Mineral composition of evaporates suggest that Na-Cl reach like evolved to Na-Ca-SO4 phase and next was fully evaporated and coated with detrital sediments.