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1

Adaptive, secure and efficient routing protocol to enhance the performance of Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET)

Rahman Md. Torikur, Alauddin Mohammad, Dey Uttam Kumar, Sadi Saifullah

Applied Computer Science

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2023

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Vol. 19, no 3

133--159

EN

Nowadays Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is an emerging area of research to provide various communication services to end users. Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are self-organizing wireless networks where nodes communicate with each other without a fixed infrastructure. Due to their unique characteristics, such as mobility, autonomy, and ad hoc connectivity, MANETs have become increasingly popular in various applications, including military, emergency response, and disaster management. However, the lack of infrastructure and dynamic topology of MANETs pose significant challenges to designing a secure and efficient routing protocol. This paper proposes an adaptive, secure, and efficient routing protocol that can enhance the performance of MANET. The proposed protocol incorporates various security mechanisms, including authentication, encryption, key management, and intrusion detection, to ensure secure routing. Additionally, the protocol considers energy consumption, network load, packet delivery fraction, route acquisition latency, packets dropped and Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of the applications to optimize network performance. Overall, the secure routing protocol for MANET should provide a reliable and secure commu-nication environment that can adapt to the dynamic nature of the network. The protocol should ensure that messages are delivered securely and efficiently to the intended destination, while minimizing the risk of attacks and preserving the network resources Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed protocol outperforms existing routing protocols in terms of network performance and security. The proposed protocol can facilitate the deployment of various applications in MANET while maintaining security and efficiency.

2

An Energy-Efficient Proactive Routing Scheme for MANET : Game Theoretical Approach of Forwarding with Selfish Nodes

Sahnoun A., Habbani A., El Abbadi J.

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

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2017

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Vol. 63, No. 4

399--404

EN

In Mobile Ad-hoc Networks, nodes exchange packets with each other using intermediate nodes as relays. Since nodes in MANETs are battery powered, energy conservation is a crucial issue. Accepting relay all request may not be in the best interest of a node. But if many nodes prefer not to consume energy in relaying packets on behalf of others, the overall performance of routing in network will be influenced. In this paper we address the energyefficient routing problem in MANETs with selfish nodes. We modeled this problem as a game-theoretic constraint optimization; we defined the utility of each node as a weighted difference between a performance metric and some transmission costs. A motivate mechanism is proposed in order to induce nodes to forwarding cooperation. Each node independently implements the optimal equilibrium strategy under the given constraints. Simulation results by NS3 simulator show that our proposed approach can improve system performance in network lifetime and packet delivery ratio.

3

Autonomous Clustering Scheme for Removing the Effects of Heterogeneous Node Degrees in Ad Hoc Networks

Morita R., Takano C., Aida M.

Image Processing & Communications

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2016

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Vol. 21, no. 2

43--54

EN

In large scale mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), it is effective to reduce the load of routing by introducing hierarchical routing, and it is conducted by clustering of nodes. A clustering mechanism based on the diffusion equation is a typical autonomous clustering in MANETs, and gives appropriate clustering if all the node degrees are uniform. However, node degrees in MANETs are heterogeneous in general, the fact causes the difference in the strength of diffusion effect. This difference causes that the position of cluster head tends to be around the boundary of networks and degrade battery efficiency of nodes. In this paper, by introducing an asymmetric diffusion depending on node degree, we propose a new clustering metod independent of heterogeneity of node degrees. We show that the proposed method Has efficient characteristics for battery consumption. In addition, we show the comparison of the proposed method with the conventional method with respect to the efficiency of routing.

4

Routing Misbehavior Detection in MANETs Using 2ACK

Manvi S. S., Bhajantri L. B., Vagga V. K.

Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology

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2010

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nr 4

105-111

EN

This paper proposes routing misbehavior detection in MANETs using 2ACK scheme. Routing protocols for MANETs are designed based on the assumption that all participating nodes are fully cooperative. However, due to the open structure and scarcely available battery-based energy, node misbehavior may exist. In the existing system, there is a possibility that when a sender chooses anintermediate link to send some message to a destination, the intermediate link may pose problems such as, the intermediate node may not forward the packets to destination, it may take very long time to send packets or it may modify the contents of the packet. In MANETs, as there is no retransmission of packets once it is sent, care must be taken not to loose packets. We have analyzed and evaluated a technique, termed 2ACK scheme to detect and mitigate the effect of such routing misbehavior in MANETs environment. It is based on a simple 2-hop acknowledgment packet that is sent back by the receiver of the next-hop link. 2ACK transmission takes place for only a fraction of data packets, but not for all. Such a selective acknowledgment is intended to reduce the additional routing overhead caused by the 2ACK scheme. Our contribution in this paper is that, we have embedded some security aspects with 2ACK to check confidentiality of the message by verifying the original hash code with the hash code generated at the destination. If 2ACK is not received within the wait time or the hash code of the message is changed then the node to next hop link of sender is declared as the misbehaving link. We simulated the routing misbehavior detection using 2ACK scheme to test the operation scheme in terms of performance parameters.