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Franciszek Rychnowski (1850-1929) - niedoceniony geniusz, maniak czy obłąkaniec?

Rataj Piotr

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2021

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T. 66, nr 1

55--107

EN

The article presents the forgotten figure of Franciszek Rychnowski, an engineer from Lviv, mainly relying on his own writings and press releases from the period. The text describes his pioneering technical activity in Galicia, especially in the field of heating and electrical engineering. As far as it was possible, the paper elaborates on the concept of the so-called electroid (or etheroid) - substance (or energy) which Rychnowski held responsible for all phenomena in nature, and around which he forged his own theory of the operation of the universe. The text includes the summaries of his talks, interviews, and more interesting reports on the alleged properties of this substance, as well as reactions to them.

2

Gazownie komunalne Poznania i Lwowa na początku XX w. Próba charakterystyki i porównania ich rozwoju

Urbaniak Miron

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2019

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T. 64, nr 1

57--75

EN

The Poznań and Lwów gasworks were established in the 1850s; the former being an urban enterprise, the latter a private company. At the beginning of the 20th century, the gasworks and the entire gas infrastructure in Lwów were seriously outdated as compared to Poznań in terms of the volume of production and technology. After the municipalization of the plant in 1898, Galicia’s capital quickly began to reduce a backlog using the effects of technical progress in Europe. As part of the modernization and expansion of both gasworks in the fi rst decade of the 20th century, modern water-gas plants with Humphreys & Glasgow systems were commissioned in Poznań (1900) and Lwów (1906). Moreover, the gas network and public lighting system were intensively developed in both cities. In 1910, 11.3 million cubic meters of gas fl owed into the municipal network in Poznań, whereas 6.1 million cubic meters did so in Lwów. The number of gas street lights amounted to 3456 and 3541, respectively. In both cities, major extensions of their gasworks were planned in the very years preceding the outbreak of World War I. In Poznań, the investment was implemented to a large extent during World War I, when a unique and innovative Koppers retort house and a dry-seal gas holder with a capacity of 50 thousand cubic meters were built. In Lwów, due to the Russian occupation of the city between 1914 and 1915, ultimately the works had to be stopped. Due to wartime hardships, the planned Glover-West vertical retort house was eventually replaced by the Dessau vertical retort furnace. The retort house was completed in 1917, but the rest of the investment was fi nalized in the fi rst years of the Second Polish Republic. Nevertheless, when the Partitions of Poland ended, both gas plants were among the largest and most modern in terms of technology in the country, in which their directors at the time, Hans Mertens in Poznań and Adam Teodorowicz in Lwów, had considerable merit.

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Inżynier Edmund Libański - popularyzator nauki i techniki we Lwowie w początkach XX wieku

Gierszewska B

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2004

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R. 49, nr 2

53--68

EN

Edmund Libański was a well-known promoter o f science and technology in Lwow and the region of Eastern Galicia, active in the years 1901-1928. Apart from his work as a bridge-constraction engineer and educationalist, he also became known as a journalist, writer o f popular science books, playwright and translator o f dramatic plays, satirist, owner of a cinema, promoter o f aviation, aeroplane constructor and pilot, as well as an ardent activist o f the Polish Socialist Party (PPS). The most important facet o f his activity, however, came in the form of lectures and publications aimed at a wide audience of lay people and intended to make the public aware of the new possibilities offered by the development of technology, the wide access to education and culture, and the overall democratization o f public life. The famous lectures given by Libański (numbering in hundreds) left a strong imprint on the cultural and educational life o f Lwow o f the period. The lectures were very well prepared and presented in a dynamic and modem way. At first, Libański illustrated his lectures with photographs and slides, but later, starting from 1908, he began to replace them with documentary films specially selected for the presentations. He also gave public presentations of various inventions; in 1911, for example, he organized and took part in a flight o f an air-balloon over Lwow, an important event in the life of the city’s inhabitants. In the years 1907-1911 Libański was active in developing the film industry in Lwow and its surroundings. He was in charge of two educational cinemas, “Urania” and “Helios”, and he was the owner o f an itinerant cinema that showed films all over the region, starting from Lwow up to Krakow. The film shows, in which an important part was played by “shots of nature” as well as by films dealing with the latest technology, were supplemented with popular-science “open lectures” delivered by Libański and special guests invited by Libański from among the scientific and technical elite of Lwow. Libański’s formula for popularizing science and technology with the use of the cinema at the beginning of the 20th century, i.e. the idea of using films for educational purposes, yielded excellent results. The method that Libański used for explaining to the public the things they could see on the screen was the best possible one in the early stages of cinematography; it was particularly effective at a time when the new public had to grow accustomed to the cinema, and suited for people who were only starting to enter the world o f culture and education thanks to the use of film. The approach to the use o f the cinema and film adopted by Libański, only a few years after the beginnings o f cinematography, was highly innovative and unique on a world scale.

4

O lwowskim środowisku akademickim podczas wojny

Olesiak Z. S.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2001

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R. 46, nr 2

35--64

EN

The article deals with war-time fate o f science and learning in Lwow, a major centre of science and learning before the Second World War. In accordance with the Ribbentrop-Molotov pact, Lwow was occupied by the Soviets, three weeks after the breakout of the German-Polish war on September 1, 1939, following a siege which led to surrender to of the city’s garrison to the troops of the Red Army (which had joined in the invasion of Poland on September 17, 1939). The article focuses on the situation of the citizens of Lwow, in particular those involved in academic and secondary education during the Soviet occupation of the city, as well as during the occupation by the Germans (since 1941). It also describes the plight of the Lwow scholars and teachers after the city’s liberation from the Nazis, in the period until the expatriation of the Polish population from that region of prewar Poland, in the year 1945.