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Struktura zespołów dżdżownic w uprawie kukurydzy i pszenicy

Jacejko Patryk, Korab Izabela

Polish Journal for Sustainable Development

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2021

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T. 25, cz. 2

29--34

PL

Dżdżownice odgrywają ważną rolę w glebie. Podczas kopania korytarzy rozluźniają, napowietrzają ją i mieszają minerały z częścią organiczną. Przyczyniają się znacząco do poprawy jej żyzności. Organizmy te są także powszechnie stosowane w monitorowaniu stanu gleb o różnym stopniu antropopresji. Celem badań była analiza struktury zbiorowisk dżdżownic. Badania przeprowadzono na dwóch stanowiskach (w uprawie kukurydzy i pszenicy). Lumbricidae zbierano metodą mieszaną, tj. analizowano bloki gleby o wymiarach 25 x 25 x 25 cm. Sortowano je ręcznie w celu ekstrakcji dżdżownic. Do wypłukania skąposzczetów z głębszych warstw gleby użyto 10 litrów 0,4% roztworu formaliny. Gleba pod uprawą pszenicy charakteryzowała się wyższym zagęszczeniem Lumbricidae. Znaleziono tu cztery gatunki dżdżownic. Największy udział w zbiorowisku dżdżownic na obu stanowiskach miała A. rosea. Badania należy kontynuować przez dłuższy czas.

EN

Earthworms play an important role in the soil. When digging corridors, they loosen it, aerate it and mix minerals with the organic part. They contribute significantly to the improvement of its fertility. These organisms are also commonly used in monitoring the condition of soils with varying degrees of anthropopressure. The aim of the research was to analyze the structure of earthworm communities. The research was carried out on two sites (in the cultivation of maize and wheat). Lumbricidae were harvested by the mixed method, i.e. 25 x 25 x 25 cm soil blocks were analyzed. They were sorted by hand for the extraction of earthworms. 10 liters of 0.4% formalin solution were used to rinse oligochaetes from the deeper layers of the soil. The soil under wheat was characterized by a higher Lumbricidae density. Four species of earthworms have been found here. A. rosea had the greatest share in the community of earthworms in both sites. Research should be continued over a longer period of time.

2

Lumbricidae in the Process of Monitoring of the State of Land Reclamation of Former Sulphur Mine in Jeziórko

Mazur-Pączka A., Pączka G., Kostecka J.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 18, nr 6

53--58

EN

The aim of the research was to evaluate the advancement of the naturalisation proces that concerned the reclaimed area of the former the sulphur mine in Jeziorko. It was assessed by analising the diversity of earthworms populations from the chosen five spots (field I, II, X, XX and XXI) differentiated in terms of time and direction of reclamation. Earthworms were obtained by the mixed method, according to Zajonc. The results were analyzed statistically. On the field II reclaimed for the longest period in forest direction, all 7 species of Lumbricidae were found, whereas on field X (shorter reclamation) – 5 of them. In the open spaces of fields I, XX and XXI, representatives of the examined group were not present. On field XX and XXI, earthworms were preserved only within individual old trees (Malus Mill., Populus L. poplar) growing in this area even before the period of land degradation by the sulphur mines. Within the crowns of these trees, poor clusters consisting of 1 or 2 species of earthworms were discovered (A. rosea and/or A. caliginosa).

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Density-Mediated Earthworm Effects on Soil Respiration

Uvarov A. V.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2016

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Vol. 64, nr 4

534--546

EN

Earthworms, as ecosystem engineers, strongly regulate microbial activities and microorganism-mediated processes in the soil; their effects differ among species and ecological groups. Lumbricids are suggested to have density-dependent regulation of species populations, but it is not known whether their effects on soil processes are density-dependent. In a field experiment, litter/soil microcosms contained monocultures of five common lumbricid species belonging to epigeic, anecic and endogeic ecological groups, at various density levels. After 6 and 15 weeks, respiration rates of soil systems were measured and (after subtraction of approximately calculated earthworm respiration) microbial respiration rates estimated. In the presence of earthworms, respiration of soil systems tended to increase. After 6 weeks, this increment was explained by earthworm's own respiration. However, after 15 weeks earthworm respiration comprised 12–80% of the respiration increment; hence, microbial respiration was stimulated by earthworm activities. In any earthworm species, total community and microbial respiration were correlated with its density increase. However, specific respiration increments (per unit earthworm biomass) were not significantly affected by lumbricid density. The lack of density-dependent patterns indicates a weak impact of lumbricid intraspecific interactions on soil respiration. However, specific respiration increments and stimulation of microbial respiration varied across earthworm species, being higher for endogeic than for epigeic/anecic species. This is explained by a relatively lower microbial grazing by endogeics and a depletion of litter (a resource and environment for the microbial community) by epigeic/anecic earthworms. Overall, the results support the view that microbial community adapts to the presence of earthworms by switching to a smaller, but a more active one.

4

Landscape Patch Pattern Effect on Relationships between Soil Properties and Earthworm Assemblages: A Comparison of two Farmlands of Different Spatial Structure

Regulska E., Kołaczkowska E.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2015

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Vol. 63, nr 4

549--558

EN

Our survey was carried out in two study sites of approximately 3.3 ha each located in the Suwałki Lake District in NE Poland in the year 2008. Earthworms and soil samples were collected during two campaigns (spring and autumn) from 25 × 25 cm and 30 cm deep sampling points. The complex arable landscape (CAL) supported higher earthworm diversity, density and biomass than the similarly managed but homogeneous arable landscape (HAL). The spring and autumn earthworm sampling campaigns revealed very different patterns, and we conclude that autumn sampling is the most adequate for biomonitoring. On the other hand, the spring collections were significantly correlated to soil physical parameters, thus spring sampling is more suitable for studying such correlations. Significant correlations occurred almost exclusively for CAL and the soil parameters significantly relating with earthworm community were: soil moisture, nitrogen and organic carbon contents. The possible reason for it is the presence of numerous refuges for lumbricids offered by field margins, balks, woodlots and meadows in the CAL and lack of them in the HAL.

5

Herbicide Toxicity to the California Earthworms Eisenia fetida Sav. and Dendrobaena veneta Rosa

Jarmuł-Pietraszczyk J., Jastrzębska E.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2012

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Vol. 19, nr 9

1133-1137

EN

This paper aims at estimating influence of selected herbicides on earthworms Eisenia fetida and Dendrobaena veneta survival abilities in toxic environment and on their reproduction cycle. Parameters taken into account: – changes in fatality rate after applying toxins compared with the control, – number of laid cocoons and hatchings, – lethal concentration (LC50). Herbicides containing the following active substances: urea, aminophosphonic and phenoxyacid were chosen, as chemical material. Earthworm responded differently to every herbicide. Significant decrease in body weight under the influence of linuron and decrease of the hatching rate under the influence of gliphosate and phenoxyacids.

PL

Celem przeprowadzonych badań było określenie toksycznego wpływu wybranych środków ochrony roślin na dżdżownice E. fetida i D. veneta na ich zdolność do przeżywania w środowisku oraz reprodukcję. Pod uwagę wzięto takie parametry, jak: - zmiany w liczebności po zastosowaniu środka chemicznego w porównaniu z kontrolą, - liczba składanych kokonów i wylęg, - średnie stężenie śmiertelne (LC50). Jako materiał chemiczny wybrano herbicydy zawierające substancje czynne z grupy: mocznikowej, aminofosfonianowej i fenoksykwasów. Reakcja dżdżownic na zastosowane herbicydu była różna. Zaobserwowano znaczne zmniejszenie masy ciała pod wpływem linuronu oraz spadek liczby wylęgających się osobników pod wpływem glifosatu i związków z grupy fenoksykwasów.

6

Wpływ insektycydu nomolt 150sc stosowanego przeciwko muchówkom w skrzynkach ekologicznych na cechy dżdżownic eisenia fetida (sav.)

Garczyńska M., Kostecka J.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2011

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Nr 27

13-18

PL

Wermikompostowano kuchenne odpady organiczne w skrzynkach ekologicznych z wykorzystaniem dżdżownic Eisenia fetida . Celem pracy była ocena wpływu insektycydu Nomolt 150SC, ograniczającego występowanie konkurencyjnych dla dżdżownic i uciążliwych dla prowadzącego skrzynkę , muchówek Sciaridae, w dawce wskazanej przez producenta jako "bezpieczna" środowiskowo, na populację dżdżownic. Wykazano, że preparat acylomocznikowy redukował liczebność larw muchówek, ale nie był obojętny dla rozmnażania się dżdżownic - istotnie obniżał zarówno liczebność jak i biomasę składanych przez nie kokonów.

EN

Organic kitchen wastes were vermicomposted in ecological boxes, using Eisenia fetida earthworms. The aim of the studies was the assessment of the effect of Nomolt 150SC on the earthworm population. An insecticide Nomolt 150SC (reducing occurrence of Diptera Sciaridae, being competitive for earthworms and burdensome to the person making us e of the ecological boxes) was applied at the dose recommended by the producers as "environmentally safe". It was demonstrated, that acylourea preparation reduced the number of Diptera larvas, but it did not have a neutral effect on earthworm reproduction - it significantly reduced both the number and biomass of the cocoons laid by them and the number of the young specimens.

7

Earthworms (Lumbricidae) as bioindicators : the relationship between in-soil and in-tissue heavy metal content

Tischer S.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2009

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Vol. 57, nr 3

513-523

EN

The heavy metal (Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr) accumulation in earthworms was measured and evaluated on 84 differently managed and polluted sites (field, grassland, deciduous forest, coniferous forest, alluvial sites, mine spoil) together with selected soil properties, like pH and C[org]-contents. The uptake of heavy metals by the earthworms was correlated with in-soil metal amounts and it showed a considerable variation between land use types and the individual lumbricid species. An important positive correlation was determined between in-tissue contents of earthworms and in-soil contents for all studied heavy metals: Cd (R[^2] = 0.72), Cu (R[^2] = 0.65), Cr (R[^2] = 0.54), Pb (R[^2] = 0.51), Zn (R[^2] = 0.47), Ni (R[^2] = 0.45). Mostly Cd and Zn are accumulated by earthworms. The uptake of Cd and Zn by epigeic earthworms is stronger than by other endogeic and anecic species. The highest metal amounts of Cd were accumulated in the following species: Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny) (18 mg kg[^-1] dw) Lumbricus castaneus (Savigny) (17 mg kg[^-1] dw), Octolasion cyaneum (Savigny) (17 mg kg[^-1] dw), Lumbricus rubellus (Hoffmeister) (14 mg kg[^1] dw). The highest uptake of Zn was found for the species: L. castaneus (623 mg kg[^-1] dw), Lumbricus terrestris (Linnaeus) (433 mg kg[^-1] dw), A. caliginosa (416 mg kg[^-1] dw), and L. rubellus (339 mg kg[^-1] dw). The lowest contents of Cd (3 mg kg[^-1]dw) were calculated for Aporrectodea longa (Ude) and for Zn - Allolobophora chlorotica (Savigny) (168 mg kg[^1-] dw). Transfer ratios (TR) (ratio of in-soil heavy metal content to the in-tissue metal content in earthworms) ranged for Cd - from 6 in alluvial forest sites to 64 in coniferous forest sites and for Zn - from 2 in alluvial grassland to 12 in coniferous forest. Cd and Zn are more strongly taken up by the epigeic species like Dendrobaena octaedra (Savigny) (TR: Cd = 47, Zn = 8), L. rubellus (TR: Cd = 21, Zn = 5), and L. castaneus (TR: Cd = 12, Zn = 5) than by the other endogeic and anecic species, with TR values accounted from 9 to 21 for Cd and 2 to 5 for Zn, respectively. For risk assessment of habitats cadmium is the more important heavy metal due to its high transfer rates into the tissues of earthworms.

8

Lumbricidae communities in soil monitoring sites differently managed and polluted with heavy metals

Tischer S.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2008

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Vol. 56, nr 4

635-646

EN

Species composition, density and biomass of earthworms were studied on 84 differently managed and polluted sites (field, grassland, deciduous forest, coniferous forest, alluvial sites and mine spoil). All these sites are constantly monitored since a decade. In 13 sites amounts of heavy metals increased from: Cd - 3 to 6 mg kg[^-1], Zn - 303 to 606 mg kg[^-1], Pb - 95 to 317 mg kg[^-1], Ni - 31 to 55 mg kg[^-1], Cr - 58 to 80 mg kg[^-1], and Cu - 59 to 114 mg kg[^-1] soil, that is up to 2000, 880, 1090, 295, 320, and 520% higher, respectively, than in unpolluted field sites. Results show that metal pollution is not a dominating factor determining the species diversity and densities of earthworms. Remarkable differences in the distribution of ecological groups were found between biotope types. The endogeic species (Aporrectodea caliginosa Savigny, Aporrectodea rosea Savigny, Allolobophora chlorotica Savigny, Octolasion cyaneum Savigny) dominate in field and grassland habitats. The anecic species (Lumbricus terrestris L., Aporrectodea longa Ude), however, appear mostly in grassland. Epigeic species (Lumbricus rubellus Hoffmeister, Lumbricus castaneus Savigny, Dendrobaena octaedra Savigny) are found exclusively (in addition to the other two life forms) in grassland and the forest habitats. Differences in earthworm biomass between monitoring sites are not related to ecological risk assessment. These differences may be largely dependant on soil properties e.g. pH and organic matter. A matrix with the ecological requirements of earthworm species was developed.

9

Lumbricidae communities in several years old midfied shelterbelt (Turew region, Western Poland)

Makulec G.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2004

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Vol. 52, nr 2

173-179

EN

Species composition, density and biomass of Lumbricidae were studied in soils of a several years old midfield shelterbelt, an adjacent arable field (maize, wheat) and an ecotone situated between both ecosystems in two years (1999, 2000) in spring, summer and autumn. The lowest density and biomass of Lumbricidae was found in the field. The only species present there was Aporrectodea caliginosa: mean density 0.9 ind m^-2 and biomass 0.7 g m^-2. Three species were found in soils of the shelterbelt and the ecotone - A. caliginosa, Dendrobaena octaedra and Lumbricus terrestris. Two species dominated in biomass and density; L. terrestris occurred sporadically and its biomass and density were low. The average density and biomass in soils noted in 1999 were 58 ind m^-2 and 15 g m^-2, respective values for the ecotone were 73 ind m^-2 and 24 g m^-2. In the next year a nearly twofold increase of density (the shelterbelt - 144 ind m^-2, ecotone - 159 ind m^-2 was noted and similar increase of biomass in shelterbelt soils (31 g m^-2). A. caliginosa, depending on site and time, contributed to 35-76% to the density and in 68-93% to the biomass of the community, D. octaedra - in 22-64% and 7-30%, respectively. Apart from biomass in the first study year, no significant differences between the shelterbelt and the ecotone were found in both density and biomass of the earthworm community.