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Unconventional hydrocarbon prospects in Ordovician and Silurian mudrocks of the East European Craton (Poland) : Insight from three-dimensional modelling of total organic carbon and thermal maturity

Papiernik Bartosz, Botor Dariusz, Golonka Jan, Porębski Szczepan J.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2019

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Vol. 89, No. 4

511-- 533

EN

Three-dimensional, structural and parametric numerical modelling was applied to unravel the unconventional hydrocarbon potential of a W-dipping, Lower Palaeozoic mudrock succession, which subcrops for some 700 km in the Baltic, Podlasie and Lublin basins across the SW margin of East European Craton in Poland. Input data comprised structural and thickness maps of Ordovician and Silurian strata and the results of thermal maturity (mean vitrinite-equivalent reflectance, % Ro) and total organic carbon (TOC, % wt.) modelling. A new, spatial interpretation of vitrinite-reflectance variability indicates that the regional, W-increasing thermal maturity pattern breaks into a series of domains, bounded by abrupt maturity variations. In total, 14 tectono-thermal domains were recognised and their boundaries traced to known and inferred faults, mostly of NW‒SE and NE‒SW orientations. On the basis of a combination of thermal maturity and total organic carbon levels (0.6% > Ro<2.4%, and TOC >1.5% wt.), good-quality, unconventional reservoirs can be expected in the Sasino Formation (Caradoc) and Jantar Formation (early Llandovery) in the central and western Baltic Basin. The Jantar Formation also is likely to be prospective in the western Podlasie Basin. Marginal-quality reservoirs may occur in the Sasino and Jantar formations within the Podlasie and Lublin basins and in the Pasłęk Formation (late Llandovery) across all basins. Poor- to moderate-quality, unconventional reservoirs could be present in the Pelplin Formation (Wenlock) in the Lublin and southern Podlasie basins. In spite of a considerable hydrocarbon loss during multiphase basin inversion, the Ordovician and Silurian mudrocks still contain huge quantities of dispersed gas. Successful exploitation of it would require the adoption of advanced fracking methods.Lower Palaeozoic, shale gas, shale oil, Baltic Basin, Lublin-Podlasie Basin, total organic carbon, thermal maturity, structural-parametric model.

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Geological setting and Ediacaran–Palaeozoic evolution of the western slope of the East European Craton and adjacent regions

Poprawa Paweł

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2019

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Vol. 89, No. 4

347--380

EN

A set of geological maps and geological cross-sections was prepared to document the geological setting of sedimentary basins developed on the western slope of the EEC and adjacent areas to the west. On the basis of these data and literature on the subject, the evolution of the sedimentary basins in the study area was reviewed, with special emphasis on the Ediacaran–Lower Palaeozoic basin. The basin originated during late Ediacaran rifting, related to the latest stages of breakup of the Precambrian super-continent Rodinia/Pannotia, associated with large-scale igneous activity. The rifting ultimately led to the formation of the Tornquist Ocean and subsequently, during the latest Ediacaran to Middle Ordovician, the SW margin of the newly formed Baltica became a passive continental margin. The upper Cambrian depocentre in the Biłgoraj-Narol Zone and the Łysogóry Block tentatively is interpreted as a small, narrow foredeep, related to the docking of the Małopolska Block to the western margin of Baltica. From the Late Ordovician through the Silurian, a gradual change to a collisional tectonic setting is observed across the entire SW margin of Baltica, as well as in the zones adjacent to it from the west, which together became the site of development of the extensive Caledonian foredeep basin, related to the convergence and collision of Avalonia and Baltica. The oblique character of the collision resulted in a prominent diachronism in the development of the foredeep basin. This refers to the initiation of basin subsidence, the starved basin phase, the main phase of rapid subsidence and supply of detritus from the west, and the termination of basin development. The Early Mississippian (Bretonian) phase of uplift and erosion and, to a lesser degree, also the Late Pennsylvanian one significantly affected the structure of the western EEC. During the Mississippian, extensive magmatic activity took place at the SW margin of East European Craton, in the region referred to here as the Baltic-Lublin Igneous Province.

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Utwory najwyższego ediakaru i najniższego kambru basenu lubelsko-podlaskiego jako potencjalne skały macierzyste dla węglowodorów

Pacześna J., Poprawa P., Żywiecki M., Grotek I., Poniewierska H., Wagner M.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2005

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Vol. 53, nr 6

499--506

EN

In the present contribution we examine possible role of deposits of the Białopole, Lublin, Włodawa and Mazowsze Forma-tions (uppermost Ediacaran to lowermost Cambrian), as well as their presumed lateral equivalents, developed in the Lublin-Podlasie region as a potential source rock for hydrocarbons. The analysed sediments contain marine kerogen of algal and cyanobacterial ori-gin, i.e., predominantly oil prone. In some parts of the analysed area recent TOC could reach 0.65%, however, primary TOC could be significantly higher, as it is indicated by relatively high maturity of the hydrocarbons. Quality of potential source rock increases towards SW. The analysed potential source rock could be, at least partly, responsible for oil and gas shows, commonly observed in the Lower and Middle Cambrian sandstone horizons.

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Rola procesów tektonicznych oraz eustatycznych w rozwoju sekwencji stratygraficznych utworów neoproterozoiku i kambru basenu lubelsko-podlaskiego

Pacześna J., Poprawa P.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2005

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Vol. 53, nr 7

562--571

EN

Sequence stratigraphy approach has been applied for the Neoproterozoic to Cambrian sedimentary fill of the Lublin–Podlasie Basin; the main goal of the study is to discriminate between eustatic and tectonic control of the observed sequence development. The Neoproterozoic and Cambrian sedimentary fill of the Lublin–Podlasie Basin is subdivided here into two second-order depositional sequences, separated by a basin-wide unconformity. The lower sequence A is poorly recognised. It is presumably of the early Neoproterozoic age, and is characterized by continental to costal shallow marine developments. Sequence B comprises the (late?) Neoproterozoic to Middle Cambrian. The lowermost part of the sequence B is composed of a lowstand systems tract (LST). At that time a low relative sea level was con-trolled by regional thermal doming, followed by rapid clastic and volcanogenic deposition, with rate exceeding that of subsidence of extensional grabens. During the latest Ediacaran, a transgressive systems tract I (TST I) developed. Increase of the rate of relative sea level rise was induced by a transition from syn-rift to post-rift subsidence. During the development of a following highstand systems tract I (HST I), significant sediment supply exceeded the rate of basement subsidence, causing progradation of shoreline. The next higher up-section transgressive system tract (TST II) is characterized by a gradual rela-tive sea level increase and reflects continued thermal sag phase of the Lublin–Podlasie Basin. Development of the TST II was coeval with a global transgression and controlled mainly by eustatic sea level rise. The beginning of the Middle Cambrian corresponds to the development of a HST II, controlled by a low rate of increase of the relative sea level, even if it was coeval in time with the Hawke Bay regression. The HST II is therefore interpreted here as controlled by local tectonic processes, superimposed on continued post-rift thermal subsidence of the passive margin.

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Rozwój ryftu w późnym neoproterozoiku-wczesnym paleozoiku na lubelsko-podlaskim skłonie kratonu wschodnioeuropejskiego : analiza subsydencji i zapisu facjalnego

Poprawa P., Pacześna J.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2002

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Vol. 50, nr 1

49-63

PL

Dla lubelsko-podlaskiego, górnoneoproterozoiczno-dolnopaleozoicznego basenu sedymentacyjnego przeprowadzono analizę subsydencji (backstripping) oraz analizę facjalną jego osadowego wypełnienia. Wydzielono cztery główne, częściowo współwystępujące, etapy tektonicznej ewolucji basenu, o odmiennych mechanizmach subsydencji: (1) późnoneoproterozoiczny ryft (faza subsydencji synryftowej w reżimie ekstensyjnym), (2) przejście od fazy syn- do postryftowej na przełomie późnego neoproterozoiku III i wczesnego kambru, (3) wczesnokambryjsko-środkowoordowicki pasywny brzeg kontynentalny (faza postryftowej subsydencji termicznej) oraz (4) późnoordowicko-późnosylurskie fleksuralne uginanie krawędzi Baltiki. Synryftowe wypełnienie basenu stanowią kontynentalne wylewy bazaltowe oraz kontynentalne zlepieńce i arkozy, obocznie zastępowane przez mułowce. Wykształcenie facjalne tych utworów dopuszcza synsedymentacyjną aktywność ekstensyjnych uskoków. Synryftowe depocentra rozwijały się zarówno wzdłuż obecnej strefy szwu transeuropejskiego, jak i wzdłuż SW przedłużenia aulakogenu Orsza-Wołyń. Efektem tych procesów było powstanie węzła potrójnego, którego porzuconym ramieniem jest druga z powyżej wymienionych stref. Przejście do fazy postryftowej subsydencji termicznej wyznaczają: stopniowo wygasająca subsydencja, równoczesna z morską transgresją, generalnym zmniejszaniem się frakcji materiału klastycznego i obocznym ujednoliceniem facjalnym oraz rozszerzaniem się zasięgu basenu. Przyjęto, że kambryjsko-środkowoordowicki pasywny brzeg kontynentalny był związany z domniemanym basenem (oceanem?) Tornquista, powstałym na SW od Baltiki w efekcie rozpadu super-kontynentu Rodinii. W takim ujęciu obecna pozycja kadomskiego orogenu na blokach małopolskim i górnośląskim w stosunku do kratonu wschodnioeuropejskiego nie jest reprezentatywna dla neoproterozoiku III i kambru. Ze względu na brak niepodważalnych dowodów na obecność synryftowych deformacji ekstensyjnych uznano, iż możliwa jest interpretacja wyników backstrippingu alternatywna względem modelu litosferycznej, basenotwórczej ekstensji. W alternatywnym modelu dla późnoneoproterozoiczno-środkowoordowickiego okresu rozwoju basenu jako przeważający mechanizm subsydencji basenu przyjęto termiczne studzenie litosfery, będące następstwem jej pasywnego przegrzania w czasie aktywności wulkanicznej w neoproterozoiku III. Model ten, choć dopuszczalny dla basenu lubelsko-podlaskiego, nie tłumaczy jednak rozwoju górnoneoproterozoicznych, kambryjskich i ordowickich basenów SW skłonu kratonu wschodnioeuropejskiego, genetycznie powiązanych z basenem tu omawianym. Począwszy od późnego ordowiku obserwowany jest systematyczny wzrost tempa subsydencji w czasie, które osiąga maksymalne wartości w późnym sylurze. Dla tego przedziału czasu obserwowany jest również silny wzrost subsydencji z NE ku SW, tj. ku skłonowi kratonu wschodnioeuropejskiego. Generalny rozwój subsydencji omawianego basenu w sylurze jest charakterystyczny dla procesu fleksuralnego uginania litosfery, w tym wypadku SW krawędzi Baltiki.

EN

For the Neoproterozoic to Lower Palaeozoic Lublin-Podlasie sedimentary basin 1-D subsidence analysis was conducted by means ofbackstripping. This was performed for 14 boreholes, representative for the basin, and additionally was compared with the results of similar analysis applied further to the NW, i.e. for the Baltic Basin. To constraint tectonic model for the basin the results of backstripping were related to facies architecture of the basin-fill. Four partially overlapping main tectonic phases of the basin development were identified: (I) the late Neoproterozoic syn-rift, extension-elated subsidence, (2) transition from synrift to postrift phase at the latemost Neoproterozoic III to earlymost Early Cambrian, (3) post-rift thermal subsidence of the passive continental margin during the late Early Cambrian to Middle Ordovician and (4) Late Ordovician to late Silurian flexural bending. The rifting phase was initiated with deposition of continental coarse-grained sediments and emplacement of continental basalt. Subsequently the syn-rift basin was filled with continental conglomerates and arkoses, laterally replaced by mudstones, with facies development possibly controlled by extensional fault block activity. This passed up-section into shallow marine claystones and mudstones. Development of syn-rift depocentres was roughly coeval along Peri-Tornquist zone and SW prolongation ofOrsha-Volhyn zone, leading to development of triple-point SW of analysed area, with the second of the above zones being an abounded arm. Passage to post-rift thermal subsidence of the passive continental margin is indicated by subsequently ceasing subsidence, coeval with marine transgression, fining of clastic sediments and relative facies unification, as well as expansion of depocentres. The passive margin is related here to a suspected Tornquist basin (ocean?), developed to the SW of Baltica as a result of break-up of the super-continent Rodinia. This requires an assumption, that recent position of a Cadomian orogen, recognised on Małopolska and Brunovistulicum, with respect to Baltica is not representative for the Neoproterozoic III and Cambrian. Lack of definite evidences for syn-rift extensional deformations leads to an alternative interpretation of the backstripping results. Instead oflithospheric, active extension, leading to development of the sedimentary basin, in the alternative model it was assumed that the Neoproterozoic to Middle Ordovician evolution of the Lublin-Podlasie basin was exclusively a result of thermal sag, related to cooling of litho sphere. This would be a consequence of passive heating of the system due to volcanic activity in the Neoproterozoic III. This alternative model, even if suitable for the Lublin-Podlasie basin, is not capable to explain the upper Neoproterozoic, Cambrian and Ordovician development of sedimentary basins at the SW slope of Baltica, which are genetically related to the analysed area. Any compromise between cooling after passive heating and cooling after active lithospheric extension, with different proportions between the both, is possible. Since the Late Ordovician gradual increase in subsidence rate in time is observed, which reaches maximum in the late Silurian (Pridoli). Overall pattern of the Silurian subsidence, both spatial and 1-D, is typical for a mechanism of flexural bending oflithosphere. A common development of Caledonian foredeep basins along e.g. some of Baltica and Eastern and Western Avalonia margins, coeval with Silurian flexural bending, enhances discussing such model for Lublin-Podlasie basin. Nevertheless, comparison of development of the analysed area with Holly Cross Mountains one during the Silurian does not support a simple foredeep model.