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1
Content available An Innovative Series of Types of Flameproof Lithium-ion Batteries of the SBS-4Lion Type for Powering Battery Locomotives in Underground Mines and Surface Shunting Locomotives with Stored Energy of 105 kWh and 150 kWh
Kuczera Alojzy, Kuczera Jarosław, Smuga Rafał, Grzonka Łukasz
Inżynieria Mineralna
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2022
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no. 2
179--182
EN
Battery and diesel locomotives are used in horizontal transport in Polish underground mining plants. At the moment, diesel locomotives have proved to be economically expensive: high diesel fuel consumption, low durability of drive engines and pollution of the workings atmosphere. Battery locomotives have become more economical and ecological again. Based on the above, the PHPU Izol-Plast Sp. z o. o. company implemented a project co-financed by the EU, developing and implementing a physically innovative solution for a series of battery batteries in lithium-ion technology with a capacity of 105kWh and 150kWh.
PL
Lokomotywy akumulatorowe i spalinowe są wykorzystywane w transporcie poziomym w polskich podziemnych zakładach górniczych. W chwili obecnej lokomotywy spalinowe okazały się drogie ekonomicznie: duże zużycie oleju napędowego, mała trwałość silników napędowych oraz zanieczyszczenie środowiska pracy. Lokomotywy akumulatorowe znów stały się bardziej ekonomiczne i ekologiczne. W oparciu o powyższe firma P.H.P.U.Izol-Plast sp. z o o zrealizowała projekt dofinansowany ze środków UE, opracowując i wdrażając nowatorskie fizycznie rozwiązanie dla serii akumulatorów akumulatorowych w technologii litowo-jonowej o pojemności 105kWh i 150kWh Artykuł powstał w ramach projektu dofinansowanego z Funduszy Europejskich: Przeprowadzenie prac badawczo-rozwojowych w celu opracowania innowacyjnego produktu – typoszeregu ognioszczelnych baterii Li-Ion do zasilania lokomotyw w podziemnych zakładach górniczych o zmagazynowanej energii 105 kWh i 150 kWh. Badania poszczególnych elementów całości projektów były prowadzone w laboratorium „Laborex" firmy OBAC – Gliwice a funkcjonalne w firmie PHPU „Izol-Plast" Sp. z o.o. Dla opracowania bezpieczników BPS-500 współpracowano z dr inż. Antonim Przygrodzkim z Wydziału Elektrycznego Politechniki Śląskiej.
2
Content available remote Synthesis and characterization of Li2MnO3 nanoparticles using sol-gel technique for lithium ion battery
Chennakrishnan Sandhiya, Thangamuthu Venkatachalam, Subramaniyam Akshaya, Venkatachalam Viknesh, Venugopal Manikandan, Marudhan Raju
Materials Science Poland
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2020
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Vol. 38, No. 2
312--319
EN
Nanoparticles of Li2MnO3 were fabricated by sol-gel method using precursors of lithium acetate and manganese acetate, and citric acid as chelating agent in the stoichiometric ratio. TGA/DTA measurements of the sample in the regions of 30 °C to 176 °C, 176 °C to 422 °C and 422 °C to 462 °C were taken to identify the decomposition temperature and weight loss. The XRD analysis of the sample indicates that the synthesized material is monoclinic crystalline in nature and the calculated lattice parameters are 4.928 Å (a), 8.533 Å (b), and 9.604 Å (c). The surface morphology, particle size and elemental analysis of the samples were observed using SEM and EDAX techniques and the results confirmed the agglomeration of nanoparticles and, as expected, Li2MnO3 composition. Half cells of Li2MnO3 were assembled and tested at C/10 rate and the maximum capacity of 27 mAh/g was obtained. Charging and discharging processes that occurred at 3 V and 4 V were clearly observed from the cyclic voltammetric experiments. Stability of the electrodes was confirmed by the perfect reversibility of the anodic and cathodic peak positions observed in the cyclic voltammogram of the sample. The Li2MnO3 nanoparticles exhibit excellent properties and they are suitable for cathode materials in lithium ion batteries.
3
Content available remote Electromechanical System for Charging Batteries of Electric Cars
Trzaska Z.
Machine Dynamics Research
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2018
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Vol. 42, No. 1
165--179
EN
An electric vehicle battery charger based on the Faraday disk generator is developed in this paper to reduce the amount of time it takes for the rotational energy to be converted into electrical energy. The kinetic energy of the generator during charging is transformed effectively into electric energy by rotating the compact formed from the disk permanent magnet and conducting shield by means of an electric motor supplied from the power grid using possibly renewable energy sources. One of the advantages of the Faraday disk generator is its high power capability, which is applicable for high rate of charging and reducing the amount of time it takes for the rotational energy to be converted into electrical energy. Computer simulations have been performed for various sets of the charger element parameters and after selecting the obtained results, the optimal set was established. Simulation results for charging processes corresponding to the optimal element parameter tests are included.
4
Content available Process Design for Size-Controlled Flame Spray Synthesis of Li4Ti5O12 and Electrochemical Performance
Waser O., Brenner O., Groehn A.J., Pratsinis S.E.
Chemical and Process Engineering
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2017
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Vol. 38, nr 1
51--66
EN
Inexpensive synthesis of electroceramic materials is required for efficient energy storage. Here the design of a scalable process, flame spray pyrolysis (FSP), for synthesis of size-controlled nanomaterials is investigated focusing on understanding the role of air entrainment (AE) during their aerosol synthesis with emphasis on battery materials. The AE into the enclosed FSP reactor is analysed quantitatively by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and calculated temperatures are verified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Various Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) particle compositions are made and characterized by N2 adsorption, electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction while the electrochemical performance of LTO is tested at various charging rates. Increasing AE decreases recirculation in the enclosing tube leading to lower reactor temperatures and particle concentrations by air dilution as well as shorter and narrower residence time distributions. As a result, particle growth by coagulation - coalescence decreases leading to smaller primary particles that are mostly pure LTO exhibiting high C-rate performance with more than 120 mAh/g galvanostatic specific charge at 40C, outperforming commercial LTO. The effect of AE on FSP-made particle characteristics is demonstrated also in combustion synthesis of LiFePO4 and ZrO2.
5
Content available remote Graphene oxide-multiwalled carbon nanotubes composite as an anode for lithium ion batteries
Majchrzycki Ł., Walkowiak M., Martyła A., Yablokov M. Y., Nowicki M., Czajka R.
Materials Science Poland
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2016
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Vol. 34, No. 3
481--486
EN
Nowadays reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is regarded as a highly interesting material which is appropriate for possible applications in electrochemistry, especially in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Several methods were proposed for the preparation of rGO-based electrodes, resulting in high-capacity LIBs anodes. However, the mechanism of lithium storage in rGO and related materials is still not well understood. In this work we focused on the proposed mechanism of favorable bonding sites induced by additional functionalities attached to the graphene planes. This mechanism might increase the capacity of electrodes. In order to verify this hypothesis the composite of non-reduced graphene oxide (GO) with multiwalled carbon nanotubes electrodes was fabricated. Electrochemical properties of GO composite anodes were studied in comparison with similarly prepared electrodes based on rGO. This allowed us to estimate the impact of functional groups on the reversible capacity changes. As a result, it was shown that oxygen containing functional groups of GO do not create, in noticeable way, additional active sites for the electrochemical reactions of lithium storage, contrary to what has been postulated previously.
6
Content available remote Electrospinning synthesis of 3D porous NiO nanorods as anode material for lithium-ion batteries
Kong X. W., Zhang R. L., Zhong S. K., Wu L.
Materials Science Poland
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2016
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Vol. 34, No. 2
227--232
EN
Three-dimensional NiO nanorods were synthesized as anode material by electrospinning method. X-ray diffraction results revealed that the product sintered at 400 °C had impure metallic nickel phase which, however, became pure NiO phase as the sintering temperature rose. Nevertheless, the nanorods sintered at 400, 500 and 600 °C had similar diameters (∼200 nm).The NiO nanorod material sintered at 500 °C was chip-shaped with a diameter of 200 nm and it exhibited a porous 3D structure. The nanorod sintered at 500 °C had the optimal electrochemical performance. Its discharge specific capacity was 1127 mAh·g−1 initially and remained as high as 400 mAh·g−1 at a current density of 55 mA·g−1 after 50 cycles.
7
Content available remote Modelling of Li-ion batteries using equivalent circuit diagrams
Biechl H., Rahmoun A.
Przegląd Elektrotechniczny
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2012
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R. 88, nr 7b
152-156
EN
This paper presents the fundamentals of a method how to determine the state of charge (SOC) of lithium-ion batteries on the basis of two different equivalent circuit diagrams and an extended Kalman filter (EKF). It describes how to identify the parameters of these circuits by characteristic measurements. The comparison between measurement and computation results shows a good accordance. In the first step the dependency of these parameters on the temperature and on the battery age is neglected.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono podstawy metody pozwalającej określić stan naładowania (SOC) akumulatorów litowo-jonowych na podstawie dwóch różnych schematów zastępczych i rozszerzonego filtru Kalmana (EKF). Opisano, jak zidentyfikować parametry akumulatorów na podstawie pomiarów ich charakterystyk. Porównanie wyników pomiarów z wynikami symulacji wykazuje zgodność. W pierwszym etapie pominięto zależność parametrów akumulatorów od temperatury i od czasu użytkowania.
8
Content available remote Structure and lithium transport phenomena in a new tripodand-grafted polysiloxane
Walkowiak M., Waszak D., Osińska-Broniarz M., Gierczyk B.
Polimery
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2011
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T. 56, nr 4
294-301
EN
New polymeric host for Li+ cation-conducting polymer electrolytes has been described. Poly(methyl(2-tris(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)silyl)ethyl)siloxane) trimethylsilyl terminated, average molecuar weight 19 100, has been synthesized by catalytic hydrosilylation reaction between a polysiloxane and appropriate vinyl-functionalized tripodand-type silane. On the basis of the obtained macromolecule a flexible polymer electrolyte membrane has been prepared by dissolving appropriate amount of lithium salt (LiPF6) in the polymer matrix. Relation between the molecular structure and lithium cation conduction mechanism has been studied and discussed in terms of temperature dependence of specific conductivity and lithium cation transport number. The issue of decoupling of cationic mobility from polymer segmental motions has been addressed and discussed on the basis of solid state 7Li NMR measurements.
PL
Zbadano właściwości zsyntetyzowanego nowego typu polimerowego elektrolitu z mechanizmem przewodzenia opartym na kationach litu. Na drodze katalitycznej hydrosililacji, przy użyciu polisiloksanu i trójpodandu krzemowego z grupą winylową otrzymano poli(2-tris(2-(2-metoksyetoksy)etyloksy)sililoetylo)metylosiloksan o średnim ciężarze cząsteczkowym 19 100. W wyniku rozpuszczenia w wytworzonej matrycy polimerowej soli litu (LiPF6) uzyskano elastyczne membrany elektrolitowe. Określano zależność właściwości elektrochemicznych oraz mechanizmu przewodnictwa jonowego od struktury kompleksu polimer-sól litu. Na podstawie pomiarów 7Li NMR rozważono problem braku sprzężenia dynamiki łańcucha polimerowego i dynamiki kationu litu. Struktura molekularna zsyntezowanego związku zawiera centra trójpodandowe przyłączone do polisiloksanowego łańcucha głównego (rys. 1). Polimer wykazuje strukturę amorficzną ze słabo zaznaczoną przemianą szklistą w temperaturze z zakresu 10-20 °C (rys. 2, 3). Zależność logarytmu przewodnictwa od odwrotności temperatury, wyznaczona dla kompleksu polimer-sól litu, ma przebieg prostoliniowy, co sugeruje nietypowy dla polieterowych elektrolitów polimerowych mechanizm przewodnictwa, oraz brak sprzężenia pomiędzy ruchami termicznymi segmentów polimerowych a transportem jonowym (rys. 4). Liczba przenoszenia kationu litu jest stosunkowo duża, co wskazuje na znaczną ruchliwość kationu Li+ (rys. 5). W celu dokładniejszej oceny dynamiki kationu wykonano 7Li NMR uzyskanego kompleksu w szerokim zakresie temperatury i określono zależność szerokości piku od temperatury (rys. 6). Zależność ta nie wykazuje charakterystycznego przegięcia w temperaturze przemiany szklistej, co potwierdza przypuszczenie o braku sprzężenia dynamiki polimeru z dynamiką kationu. Ponadto zaobserwowano rozszczepienie piku NMR poniżej temperatury ok. -30 °C, co przypisano dwóm odmiennym koordynacjom kationu przez eterowe atomy tlenu. Badania pozwoliły na zaproponowanie nowego typu mechanizmu transportu litu w polimerze, charakterystycznego dla obecności zorganizowanych centrów podandowych (rys. 7, schemat A). Otrzymany polimer jest interesującym przykładem przewodzącej matrycy dla kationów i może stanowić podstawę do wytwarzania wysokoprzewodzących elektrolitów polimerowych do akumulatorów litowych.
9
Content available remote Transport and electrochemical properties of orthorhombic LiMnO2 cathode material for Li-ion batteries
Molenda J., Ziemnicki M., Bućko M., Marzec J.
Materials Science Poland
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2006
|
Vol. 24, No. 1
75--83
EN
The aim of this paper was to determine the temperature range of thermal stability of orthorhombic LiMnO2, together with its electrical and electrochemical characterization. High-temperature studies of the electrical properties of orthorhombic LiMnO2 point to structural instability of the phase at temperatures over 400 ?C. Annealing above 400 ?C leads to its decomposition into a two-phase mixture (Li2MnO3 + LiMn2O4). Stoichiometric LiMnO2 has a very low conductivity at room temperature, which limits the effectiveness of intercalation at the initial stage. The temperature dependences of the electrical conductivity and thermoelectric power of deintercalated LiyMnO2 samples indicate a dominant electronic conductivity over the ionic one. A remarkable increase in electronic conductivity accompanied by a drop of activation energies is observed upon deintercalation. It was shown that the deintercalation of lithium from LiyMnO2 makes the structure less stable, leading to a two-phase mixture (LizMnO2 + LixMn2O4). s. 75-83, bibliogr. 4 poz.
10
Content available remote The effect of aluminium on the electrical and electrochemical properties of phospho-olivine - a cathode material for Li-ion batteries
Zając W., Marzec J., Molenda J.
Materials Science Poland
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2006
|
Vol. 24, No. 1
123--131
EN
The structure, electrical and electrochemical properties of phospho-olivine (LiFePO4) doped with aluminium were investigated. Some of the obtained samples had much higher electrical conductivities than the undoped material (10-4 S/cm compared to 10-10 S/cm). It has been stated that the enhanced conductivity is caused by a thin layer of reduced material that has metallic properties (probably iron phosphide), formed on the grain surfaces of phospho-olivine.
11
Content available remote Structural, thermal and electrical properties of lithium-manganese spinel with a sulphur-substituted oxygen sublattice
Molenda J., Dziembaj R., Kotwica A., Łasocha W.
Materials Science Poland
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2006
|
Vol. 24, No. 1
85--18
EN
Sulphur substituted LiMn2O4-ySy spinels were obtained using the sol-gel method followed by calcination at 300 °C. The crystallinity of the samples was improved by further calcination at 800 °C. The monophase system was formed up to y = 0.20. At higher sulphur concentrations an additional phase (Mn2O3) appeared. The sulphided spinels were thermally stable in air up to about 900 °C. They decomposed above this temperature, with the oxidation of sulphur to SO2. The decomposition products, LiMnO2 and Mn3O4, reacted during slow cooling and formed stoichiometric LiMn2O4. Sulphur substitution retarded the phase transition at room temperature, although a new one appeared at higher temperatures (540-580 °C). Such an effect does not exist in sulphur-free spinels.
12
Content available remote Structural and transport properties of LiFe0.45Mn0.55PO4 as a cathode material in Li-ion batteries
Ojczyk W., Marzec J., Dygas J., Krok F., Liu R.S., Molenda J.
Materials Science Poland
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2006
|
Vol. 24, No. 1
103--113
EN
The paper presents investigations on structural, electrical and electrochemical properties of phosphoolivine, LiFe0.45Mn0.55PO4, synthesized at high temperatures. Moessbauer spectroscopy measurements confirmed the occurrence of iron(II), and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) measurements evidenced manganese(II) and iron(II). Impedance spectroscopy enabled the separation of electrical conductivity into electronic and ionic components. The substitution of manganese for iron led to a noticeable increase in the electronic component of conductivity and only to a slight increase in the ionic component, compared to pure LiFePO4. Also, the chemical diffusion coefficient of lithium measured by GITT turned out larger in LixFe0.45Mn0.55PO4. It has been stated that the increased electronic conductivity in manganese-doped phospho-olivine activates the diffusional mechanism of lithium deintercalation.
13
Content available remote Lithium-ion batteries - state of art. Novel phospho-olivine cathode materials
Molenda J.
Materials Science Poland
|
2006
|
Vol. 24, No. 1
61--67
EN
This work is a brief review of physicochemical properties of modern cathode materials for Li-ion batteries. These intercalated transition metal compounds of layered, spinel or olivine-type structure exhibit a correlation between their microscopic electronic properties and the efficiency and mechanism of lithium intercalation. The recently reported metallic-type conductivity of doped phospho-olivine LiFePO4, being a novel promising cathode material, is discussed in more detail, and some fundamental arguments are presented against the bulk nature of the observed high electronic conductivi
14
Electrode properties and microstructures of Ag-Sn based alloys used as anode in Li-ion batteries.
Kitano Y., Wada M., Sou T., Tanabe E., Fijikawa Y., Kitano A., Yin J., Sakai T.
Archives of Materials Science
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2005
|
Vol. 26, nr 1-2
95-102
EN
Electron microscopic structures are investigated for the alloys, Ag52Sn48, Ag26Fe26Sn48 and Ag36.4Sb15.6Sn48. The alloy is used as the anode in the Li-ion batteries and gives a good performance in the properties such as current densities as well as cycling numbers of charge and discharge repetition. The alloys are synthesized by the mechanical alloying treatment. They are in the form of powder of a few žm in diameter. Each powder particle can be called a secondary particle. The secondary particle consists of a number of nano-sized crystallites. The alloy Ag52Sn48 consists of Sn and Ag3Sn, and the alloy Ag26Fe26Sn48 of Fe, Sn and Ag3Sn. These alloys are found to be porous. The porous structure would contribute to good performance of these alloys. The alloy Ag 36.4Sb15.6Sn48 consists of Sn, Ag3Sn and SbSn. The crystal structure of the SbSn is not cubic but rhombic. Volume expansion occurring at the rhombic SbSn to Li3Sb transformation is found to be only 20%. The small volume change during Li-insertion/Sn-extrusion would be an important factor for the good performance.
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