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Changes in the Distribution of Air Pollutants (Carbon Monoxide) during the Control of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Jakarta, Surabaya, and Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Suhardono Sapta, Septiariva Iva Yenis, Rachmawati Siti, Matin Hashfi Hawali Abdul, Qona'ah Niswatul, Nirwana Bayu, Suryawan I. Wayan Koko, Sari Mega Mutiara, Prayogo Wisnu

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2023

Vol. 24, nr 4

151--162

The condition of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in 2020 characterizing DKI Jakarta, Surabaya, and Yogyakarta Provinces which have a high population density in 2019, necessitates implementing Large-Scale Social Restrictions (LSSR) to control or break the chain of the spread of COVID-19. The LSSR policy that limits community activities, be it business activities, transportation, and the industrial sector, will impact social activities and the environment due to the reduced intensity of community activities. Therefore, this study aimed to determine changes in the carbon monoxide (CO) levels in Jakarta, Surabaya and Yogyakarta during the pre-pandemic and during the pandemic. The method used is the tropospheric CO concentration extracted from the Sentinel-5P satellite data. The CO data were retrieved and calculated using Google Earth Engine. The COVID-19 pandemic reduced CO level by 19.7%, 14.9%, and 21%, respectively. The paired t-test shows no significant difference from before the COVID-19 pandemic, with a significance of 0.05. The highest pre-pandemic average and total CO concentration levels were 0.042 and 1.0198 mol/m2 in Yogyakarta, respectively, whereas the lowest during the pandemic were 0.02845 and 0.6828 mol/m2 in Surabaya. Overall, the three cities have a weak relationship between CO level and precipitation as well as temperatures and CO level.

Changes in air quality during and after large-scale social restriction periods in Jakarta city, Indonesia

Rendana Muhammad, Idris Wan Mohd Razi, Rahim Sahibin Abdul

Acta Geophysica

2022

Vol. 70, no 5

2161--2169

COVID-19 outbreak has constrained human activities in Jakarta, Indonesia during the large-scale social restriction (LSSR) period. The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in the spatial variation of air pollutants over Jakarta during and after the LSSR periods. This study used satellite retrievals such as OMI, AIRS, and MERRA-2 satellite data to assess spatial variations of NO2, CO, O3, SO2, and PM2.5 from May to June 2020 (during the LSSR period) and from July to August 2020 (after the LSSR period) over Jakarta. The satellite images were processed using GIS software to increase the clarity of the images. The relationship between air pollutants and meteorological data was analyzed using Pearson correlation. The results showed the levels of NO2, PM2.5, O3, and CO increased by 59.4%, 21.2%, 16.2%, and 1.0%, respectively, while SO2 decreased by 19.1% after the LSSR period. The temperature value was inversely correlated with PM2.5, NO2, and SO2 concentrations. Furthermore, the backward trajectory analysis revealed that air pollutants from outland areas such as the east and southeast carried more particulate matter and gases pollutants, which contributed to the air pollution during and after the LSSR periods. As a whole, the COVID-19 outbreak had bad impacts on human health, but the increase in air pollutants levels after loosening the LSSR policy could also lead to a higher risk of severe respiratory diseases. This study provides new insight into air pollutant distribution during and after LSSR periods and recommends an effective method of mitigating the air pollution issues in Jakarta.