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Mass Movements Analysis along a Road Segment (Batushë-Rrasa e Kosharës) in an Alpine Region in Kosovo

Neziri Fjolla, Bytyqi Valbon

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 2

302--310

EN

The article represents a contribution to the assessment of slope processes, with special emphasis on landslides, rockfalls, and creeps along the road sector Batushë-Rrasa e Kosharës (municipality of Gjakova) in Kosova. The analysis of natural factors, as well as their role in triggering and evolving slope processes, was conducted by observing the processes in the field and, with a multidisciplinary approach, analyzing the natural factors (geology, tectonics, climate, vegetation) as well as the role of humans. By using GIS/RS techniques, the causes and features of processes were identified and presented with various illustrations and maps, assessing the potential risk in the future with the aim of proper management, considering the movement of citizens, and preserving the road infrastructure in a segment with historical and touristic values. The slopes with a 35–40° gradient are more prone to landslides, while the presence of unconsolidated rocks and fractured limestone has accelerated slope destabilization and rock mass movements. Slope stability techniques should be implemented in order to keep the road open for future visitors to historical sites.

2

Contamination of the Šar Mountains Aquatorium – Kosovo with Depleted Uranium

Stanojević Nenad Z., Đokić Jelena V., Lazarević Đorđe R., Nikezić Dušan P., Osmokrović Predrag V.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2023

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Tom 25

1--8

EN

The main objective of this study was to estimate the environmental and health risk of the Šar Mountains (Kosovo) for depleted uranium contamination. The risk assessment of the contamination is needed since, in the spring of 1999, conflict with bombarding took place in the territory of the Western Balkans, during which depleted uranium ammunition was used. In Serbia and Montenegro, such tests were performed; based on them, some territories were decontaminated. Šar Mountains is particularly important as it is one of the few water-rich areas in Kosovo. Therefore, soil and water samples were taken from characteristic places in the Šar Mountains aquatorium. Tests of the samples were performed under well-controlled conditions. The measurement uncertainty was less than 5%. Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that there was no contamination of the Šar Mountains with depleted uranium. This conclusion can be extended to the broader area around the Šar Mountains, as it is a safe area surrounded by high mountains

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Urban Air Quality Monitoring and Presentation of Results in the Electronic Media in Prishtina, Kosovo

Hajrizi Zenel, Balaj Nexhat, Rizani Hyzer

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 5

11--19

EN

Air pollution is a global threat leading to large impacts on health and urban ecosystems.The air quality index is based on measurement of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Ozone (O3). Recent the years in Kosovo are installed nation air quality monitoring in different areas such as residential areas, industrial, roadside and reference areas. The study was conducted in Prishtina region between November-December 2021 and January 2022 in five monitoring stationes. The purpose of this paper is to determine compliance with air quality limit value, to detect pollutant levels (NO2, SO2, CO, O3), particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and to study the values of exceedances, from the standards values for air quality. Air quality monitoring in this study was done in the study area Agglomeration-AKS1 (IHMK, ex-Rilindja, Obiliq, Dardhishte and Palaj). Particulate matter (PM10) and (PM2.5) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) have shown exceedancces value from the standard values for air quality in Agglomeration-AKS1area in Prishtina. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) have shown exceedancces value (100-120 μg/m3) from the standard values for air quality at the ex-Rilindja (132.2 μg/m3). PM2.5 has exceeded the limit values (20–25 μg/m3) in monitoring stations:IHMK,Obiliq, Dardhishte and Palaj. The respect and application of international standards for air quality strengthens the image of Kosovo, preserves the health of citizens, fulfills environmental criteria, while the contribution of the media is considered important.

4

Content of the Label Paper and the Variation of Physico-Chemical Parameters in Bottled Water in Kosovo

Çadraku Hazir

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 11

122--131

EN

Water is a vital resource for the existence of mankind and all ecosystems on Earth. Before using it, it must be ensured that water is of good quality, within the hygienic-sanitary norms for human consumption. In recent decades, the supply of drinking water has been supplemented with the water bottled in glass and plastic bottles, which is found everywhere in the market of the Republic of Kosovo. This paper deals with the content of the label paper and the variation of physico-chemical parameters of bottled water which is extracted, analyzed, processed, filled, packaged and distributed on the market of the Republic of Kosovo and beyond as a product for consumption. i.e. In this paper 20 brands of groundwater (types of water) produced and packaged in the territory of Kosovo.

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Long-term changes in air quality. The case of Pristina (Kosovo)

Shala Shkumbin, Aleksander-Kwaterczak Urszula, Rexhepi Fatos

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2022

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Vol. 48, no. 1

5--18

EN

Rapid socio-economic development and urbanization have contributed to the serious deterioration of air quality in many world cities including Pristina, the capital of Kosovo. Through a data-driven analysis of regulatory intervention, this study attempts to examine the effectiveness of air pollution control regulations that have been implemented in Kosovo between 2010–2021. Our results show that the measures enforced during this 10-year period in Kosovo, and particularly in the capital city, have resulted in the reduction of pollution. The applied methods for this research are the standard ones of the Instituti Hidrometeorologjik i Kosovës (Hydrometeorological Institute of Kosovo). All results showed a decrease of each pollutant over the ten years. These changes strongly indicated that the origin of the pollution was traffic and anthropogenic activity, while the power plant was considered to be a less significant source of pollution. The basic pollutants of air quality in Pristina are particulate matters (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone and nitrogen oxide.

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Assessment of contamination with heavy metals in the environment. Water, sediment and soil around Kosovo power plants

Demaku Skender, Kastrati Gani, Halili Jeton

Environment Protection Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 48, nr 2

15--27

EN

In Kosovo, the current production of electricity depends mainly on its generation, which is based on the burning of lignite in the power plants (Kosovo power plants A and B). Significant changes were found in the concentrations of heavy metals in various sediment, soil, and water sample locations. Physicochemical parameters such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, biochemical oxygen demand, and main ions (SO42-, PO43-, Cl-, NO3-, and NH4+) were monitored to obtain accurate and representative data. The study indicates that there is mild contamination from these elements in the river, however, to reach a clear conclusion, additional research should be done in the study area. The sampling took place over three months in 2018 (April, July and October). The data analysis revealed that the concentration of heavy metals such as Pb, Zn, Fe, Ni, Cd, Mn, Al, Cu, and Cr in several examined samples exceeds the maximum permissible limits. Substantial levels of metal pollution in the samples collected in three distinct locations were found.

7

Application of Water Quality Index for the Assessment the Water Quality in River Lepenci

Rizani Smajl, Feka Fidan, Fetoshi Osman, Durmishi Bujar, Shala Shkumbin, Çadraku Hazir, Bytyçi Pajtim

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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Vol. 23, iss. 4

189--201

EN

The physicochemical parameters of water play an important role in determining aquatic life and its development. In this study, the water quality index is used in order to assess the water quality in river Lepenci River. For the calculations of this index, eighteen physicochemical parameters were analysed, which were measured in 3 years during the years 2009, 2010 and 2014 in three stations of the main flow of river Lepenci during all months of the years. From the results, it is concluded that the better quality of water was in station SP1- Brezovica with a WQI value of 83 and it belongs to the Good category, lower quality of water has been shown in station SP3- Hani Elezit with a WQI value of 53 belonging to the marginal category. The average value for all measurement periods resulted in 70.44 which has shown that the water quality of the river Lepenci, based on the physicochemical parameters, belongs to the Fair category. Based on these results, we conclude Water quality impairment is mainly associated with an increase in population, urbanization, industrialization, and agricultural production, among others, and the development of ecotourism and hospitality in high areas near the source areas.

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Determination of Groundwater Protection Zones of the Pozharan Wellfield Using Hydrogeological Modflow Model

Osmanaj Lavdim, Hajra Argjend, Berisha Afrim

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 3

73--81

EN

This article concerns the calculation of the Groundwater Protection Zones (GWPZ) of the Pozharan/Požaranje wellfield. It shows the methodology of delineating water source protection zones with a hydrogeological computer model and serves as an example for further work in this field. The wellfield is located in the south-eastern part of Kosovo, about 1 km west of Viti/Vitia and is an important water supply source for the neighboring villages. The wellfield is located 35 km southeast of Prishtina/Priština, the capital city of Kosovo. A total of four public water production wells have been drilled into the aquifer for which the protection zones will be calculated. In order to delineate the Groundwater Protection Zones according to the Kosovar regulations, a groundwater model was set up to calculate the groundwater flow in the well field. Data has to be collected to create such a model. With help of previous studies and own investigations, the aquifer was identified. A large part of the work is finding observation wells (piezometers) in the study area and measuring its height and groundwater level. Afterwards, the model was calibrated. The model is capable of calculating flow paths and by means of particle tracking, it is possible to visualize where the water comes from. Adding the speed of groundwater flow, the time dependent zones can be drawn. Finally, the three protection zones were described as well as the proposed land use restrictions and the recommendations for land use planning were described. Several hazards to groundwater were identified and described inside those zones.

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The Journey of Establishing Groundwater Source Protection Zones in Kosovo on the Example of Lipjan/Lipljan Municipality

Osmanaj Lavdim, Hajra Argjend, Berisha Afrim, de Beyer Thomas

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2021

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Vol. 22, iss. 3

20--26

EN

In the past decade, the Rural Water and Sanitation Support Program in Kosovo (RWSSP) funded by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) has significantly increased the access to public water supply of the rural population of Kosovo. Currently in Phase VI, the programme is supporting the regional water companies of Kosovo to protect the water resources used for public water supply. This article presents the programs phase VI output 2.5.1: improved water source protection. The programme started to support the first implementation of a ground water protection zone (locally called sanitary protection zone) in Kosovo according to laws and through a systematic process. This article describes the full process of establishing sanitary protection zones for public groundwater wells in Kosovo and reveals the technical and administrative challenges and lessons learned when doing so. The technical investigations require detailed surveys starting from geological, hydrogeological and morphological field work as well as monitoring of groundwater levels, realization of additional piezometers, calculation of hydrogeological parameters and several more. For the Lipjan well field, a hydrogeological computer model was established to understand groundwater flow and to delineate the three necessary groundwater source protection zones. The technical understanding further requires a pollution survey and water quality analysis.

10

The Impact of Inhabited Areas on the Quality of Streams and Rivers of a High Alpine Municipality in Southern Kosovo

Ibrahimi Halil, Bilalli Astrit, Gashi Agim, Xërxa Bardh, Grapci-Kotori Linda, Musliu Milaim

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2021

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Vol. 22, iss. 3

42--50

EN

During the spring of 2011, forty-five macrozoobenthos samples were taken from streams and rivers all over the Dragash Municipality in order to assess the impact of inhabited areas in these freshwater ecosystems, considering the fact that there is no sewage treatment and waste management is dysfunctional in many parts of this Municipality. On the basis of the habitat structure evaluation, basic physical and chemical analysis and Family Biotic Index according to Hilsenhoff and EPT Index (Ephemeroptera Plecoptera Trichoptera), this study shows that the freshwater ecosystems in the Dragash Municipality are heavily polluted and impacted by human activities in their midstream and downstream segments. The main sources that deteriorate their natural ecological conditions in these segments are: load of all kinds of waste directly into the rivers and streams, industrial discharge into the freshwater ecosystems and the direct sewage discharge into the rivers and streams all over the municipality. This study also shows that the freshwater ecosystems of the area in their upper reaches are home to very interesting and rare composition of aquatic fauna. Several species and many potential ones which live only in this area and nowhere in Kosovo or abroad, or their distribution elsewhere is very limited, have been found.

11

Badanie zróżnicowania składu chemicznego Cr spineli w obrębie masywu skał ultramaficznych na przykładzie SE Kosowa : zastosowanie w poszukiwaniach i wzbogacaniu rud chromu

Ożóg Magdalena, Pieczonka Jadwiga, Piestrzyński Adam, Ćwiertnia Tomasz

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2019

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Vol. 67, nr 3

186--188

EN

New data on chemistry of Cr spinels hosted within the ultramafic massif located in SE Kosovo show variations in their primary composition, which depends on ore and rock types. Spinels form disseminated and vein type ores and accessory spinels in peridotites are characterized by lower Cr and higher Fe concentrations in comparison to spinels making up massive ores. Concentrations of these metals increase in altered spinels both in ores and peridotites. Contents ofMn and Zn tend to be higher in accessory spinels than in spinels occurring in ores. The lower Cr:Fe ratio for Cr-rich spinels in disseminated ores in relations to chromite in massive ores may have an influence on their industrial usefulness. The use of EPMA-WDS technique for detrital spinels should be considered as an effective tool for chromium deposit exploration, especially in greenfield projects, to assess an ultramafic massifpotential for hosting rich ores. Chemical analyses of spinels are recommended in planning a beneficiation process for the low-grade chromite ores, in order to obtain high quality concentrates.

12

Water and Sediment Quality Status of the Toplluha River in Kosovo

Shehu Ilir

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 11

266--275

EN

The surface water quality and level of metal contents in the contamination of the Toplluha river sediment were determined by means of statistical techniques and pollution indicators. The samples of water and sediments were taken in five different locations along the Toplluha river in the spring period 2013 and 2019 using standard methods for analysis. International standards (WHO 2004) were used to assess the quality of water. The samples of water in some of the locations were above these criteria levels. The heavy metal contents in the sediment were in the following order: Cu > Zn > Cr > Ni > Pb > Cd. For the evaluation of the heavy metal content, some factors were applied: enrichment factor (EF), pollution load index (PLI) and index of geoccumulation (Igeo). Cu and Pb have a significance enrichment according to the calculated EF values. The Igeo index values for Cu and Zn were at a higher level. The PLI index values were at a progressive high level from stations S3 to S5. Therefore, the preliminary treatment of the discharging waters is indispensable.

13

The Application of Benthic Diatoms in Water Quality Assessment in Lepenci River Basin, Kosovo

Bytyçi Pajtim, Ymeri Prespa, Czikkely Marton, Fetoshi Osman, Shala-Abazi Albona, Ismaili Murtezan, Ramshaj Qëndrim, Millaku Fadil

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 11

43--57

EN

During the study on the assessment of ecological status of the Lepenci river basin, epilithic diatoms were used. Via this methodology, the authors aimed to standardization the ecological assessment methodology and gradually make it applicable for all river basins of Kosovo. The authors relied on a hypothesis that the epilithic diatom communities can serve as a reliable ecological tool to evaluate the quality of flowing waters in Kosovo. Thirteen water quality indices (IBD, IPS, IDG, DESCY, SLA, IDSE, IDAP, EPID, CEE, WAT, TDI, IDP and SHE) were measured in eight sample-points. From the conducted qualitative analysis, the obtained results showed that the water quality varies from upper parts of the basin (SP1, SP2, SP3 & SP4) characterized with higher water quality towards the lower parts (SP5, SP6 & SP7) where water quality was of the 2nd class and finally in Hani i Elezit (SP8) where the index values showed that its water belongs to the 3rd class. The samples were taken in to 8 sampling sites, in river during year (2017), the Navicula viridula species was the most dominant, along with Cocconeis placentula var. lineate and Diatoma vulgaris. In turn, between August and end of September, the following species were dominant ones: Craticula ambigua, Navicula hintzii, Navicula viridula and Rhoicosphenia abbreviata.

14

Sustainability of waste materials in affinity with ecologically sustainable development: A case study of Kosovo

Bajçinovci B.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2018

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Vol. 25, nr 2

279--293

EN

Using our natural resources, we produce much waste that can be recycled as a useful resource, which further contributes to climate change. Kosovo, generally produces a huge amount of waste, particularly Prishtina as the capital its capital city. The study presented in this paper investigated the high-rise buildings in Ulpiana neighbourhood of the city of Prishtina and waste disposals in Kosovo, focusing on the challenges of urban waste management, particularly on the recycling of high-rise urban generated waste. The research methods consist of empirical observation through urban spatial zone. Researched model of high-rise buildings, surveyed the land use, and recycling process of a total generated waste of 778.8 kg daily/per one structure. According to the conceptual and calculated findings strengthened with awareness for sustainable consumption, and proper urban strategy for implementing the recycling waste materials, it is indicated that the waste amount can be decreased and recycled for about 25 % from the total waste generated daily.

15

Problems with transport policy in Kosovo after 2008

Żukiewicz P., Domagała K.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2017

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z. 94

249--256

EN

The aim of this article is to present the main problems of public transportation in Kosovo after 2008 when the province’s parliament announced the declaration of independence. We focus on the plans and documents that were signed between 2008 and 2010 in an attempt to compare them with the real impact of investments made in the last five years. We show how the conflict between Belgrade and Prishtina has influenced public transportation and examine the prospects for problem-solving in this sector. To do this, we employ a neoinstitutional approach to the document analysis as the main research method.

16

Factors that influence the process of migration of youth: a case study of Kosovo

Veljanovska Blazhevska K.

Security and Defence Quarterly

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2017

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Vol. 17, No. 4

48--73

EN

There is no unique defi nition of migration nor is a simple classification of migration possible either, because of the existence of multi-dimensional migration criteria such as cause, length, distance, direction, volume, velocity, migratory status etc. The purpose of the paper is to develop significant data that will provide insightful conclusions for the factors that contribute to high migration of youth from Kosovo. The qualitative empirical research is meant to find out the extent to which youth were satisfied with the way of life in Kosovo, what the reasons were for that, and whether that would change their way of life.

17

The paragenesis of silver minerals in the Pb-Zn Stan Terg deposit, Kosovo: an example of precious metal epithermal mineralization

Kołodziejczyk J., Prsek J., Asllani B., Maliqi F.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2016

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Vol. 42, no. 1

19--29

EN

This study reports silver mineral association found recently in the Stan Terg lead and zinc mine, located in the Vardar zone (in northern Kosovo). The described mineralization comprises pyrargyrite (Ag3SbS3), freieslebenite (AgPbSbS3), high-Ag bearing tetrahedrite and freibergite ((Ag4+2xCu2−2x )[(Cu,Ag)4(Fe, Zn)2]Σ6Sb4S12S1−x with (0 < x < 1)); as well as native compounds (Electrum, composition of those minerals was confirmed by the electron microprobe. The freibergite from native silver is native antimony). The Ag-minerals occur in vuggs and cracks in a massive galena ore and have signs of the latest minerals, which precipitated in the deposit. The chemical of the Stan Terg deposit reveals zonality and contains between 13.91–20.28% of Ag. The high concentration of Ag in solutions is also indicated by relatively high silver content in Au-Ag alloy (electrum), which is between 47.02% and 73.19% of Ag. The Ag association is supposed to be an epithermal equivalent of precious metal mineralization, which could be located in the external part of the Stan Terg hydrothermal system. This association occurs in low temperatures, below 200°C. The Ag-minerals can be a part of epithermal veins from the external part of the Stan Terg hydrothermal system. Similarly to the other known Pb-Zn-Ag hydrothermal systems, the Ag association is related to the formation of the rhodochrosite banded ore and Ag-Au-Sb dominated mineralization.

18

Konflikty lokalne współczesnego świata (Kosowo)

Paterak S.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki

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2014

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Nr 4

26--40

PL

Zasadniczym celem niniejszego opracowania jest zwrócenie uwagi na niedoceniany i po-mijany aspekt związany z wielokulturowością i komunikacją międzykulturową w procesie przygotowania kontyngentów misji pokojowych. Konflikty lokalne bardzo często poprzedzone są antagonizmem stron i narastającą sprzecznością interesów, co nieuchronnie prowadzi do wybuchu walk między kulturami o terytorium, rywalizację polityczną, zasoby ekonomiczne – sformułowane przez znawców tej tematyki wnioski wskazują jednoznacznie, że ich odmienność nie zmierza do rywalizacji i konfrontacji, a tylko do uzasadnienia przyczyn konfliktów, które to autor zobrazował na przykładzie Kosowa.

EN

The main purpose of this article is to focus on multiculturalism and cross-cultural communication in the preparation of military contingents for peace support operations, aspects which are often omitted and underestimated in this process. Local conflicts, preceded by antagonisms and increasing conflicts of interests, which inevitably leads to fighting, are fought between cultures over territory, political rivalry or economic resources. The conclusions formulated by the experts of this subject matter explicitly show that their otherness does not aim at rivalry and confrontation, but only at the justification of the reasons for conflicts, which the author would like to illustrate using the example of Kosovo.

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Kosowo : wyzwanie dla wspólnoty międzynarodowej

Puszczewicz A.

Studia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego

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2012

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R. 2, Nr 3

49--61

PL

Kosowo - samo państwo i jego niepodległość - wzbudza wiele emocji na świecie. Pojawiają się argumenty o możliwości zdestabilizowania sytuacji na całych Bałkanach Zachodnich oraz głosy o bezwarunkowym powrocie Kosowa do Serbii. Celem artykułu jest pokazanie stosunku społeczności międzynarodowej do niepodległości Kosowa z uwzględnieniem opinii jego mieszkańców, a także wpływu sytuacji w Kosowie na bezpieczeństwo w regionie.

EN

Kosovo - the state and its independence, arouse many emotions in the world. There are arguments about the possibility of destabilizing the situation in the entire Western Balkans and the voices presenting the necessity of the unconditional return of Kosovo to Serbia. This article aims to demonstrate relation of the international community with respect to the independence of Kosovo, views of its inhabitants, and the impact the situation in Kosovo for security in the region.

20

Secondary minerals of Pb-Zn Stan Terg skarn deposit, Kosovo - X-Ray Diffraction and Raman spectroscopy study

Kołodziejczyk J., Janicka U., Prsek J.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2012

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Vol. 38, no. 4

486--87

EN

Stan Terg deposit, one of numerous occurrences within the Vardar Zone on the Balkan Peninsula, is located in the north-eastern part of Kosovo. The formation of the deposit was controlled by metasomatic processes between carbonates and volcanic intrusive rocks. Ore bodies are located on the contact between Tertiary volcanic breccias, and Triassic metamorphic Trepca Series (represented by schists and carbonates). Significant number of ore precipitated from hydrothermal fluids in paleokarst cavities. Galena, sphalerite, pyrite, pyrrhotite and arsenopyrite are the main components of the primary ore assemblage (Forgan 1950, Schumacher 1950, Palinkas et al. 2013). The weathering zone is not well developed in the deposit. Development of weathering zone was stopped by tuff series overlaying the area after volcanic activity. Gossan occurs, but it is seldom (Forgan 1950). However, the circulating water through the karstic system could have dissolved sulphides, as well as neighboring rocks, which led to the precipitation and formation of secondary minerals on the galleries walls inside the mine. The aim of the study is identification and description of secondary minerals paragenesis that is present on the corridor walls inside the mine. The knowledge about this kind of secondary minerals may led to determination of weathering conditions in the deposit. Secondary minerals described in this study occur in minor amounts and should be regarded rather as a curiosity and as a supplement of knowledge about Stan Terg deposit. Samples were collected at 6 level of the mine. 20 samples were investigated using of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and 5 samples by Raman spectroscopy. Secondary minerals occur mainly in form of fine-grained crystals, dripstones or incrustations. Among them copiapite, roemerite, epsomite, bianchite, melanterite, rozenite and gypsum have been recognized. Copiapite is present in form of yellow and yellowish fine-grained crystals. It is most common secondary mineral in the mine. It occurs together with roemerite and epsomite. Roemerite, macroscopically not visible, occurs in minor amounts. Epsomite occurs in form of fine-grained, fibrous aggregates, crusts or dripstones. It exhibits white color, but may be also orange, if mixed with copiapite. Small amounts of bianchite were found (using XRD) within fine-grained crusts of epsomite. Melanterite occurs as crusts and stalactites. It builds clear phases or occurs together with other, yet not recognized minerals. A further study of melanterite is needed for successful characterization this additional phases. Rozenite was confirmed only by XRD. This mineral occurs in greenish-white fine-grained aggregates. Gypsum is a widespread mineral in the deposit. It occurs as single phases (with fibrous, fine-grained, needle-like or tabular crystals habit) or in lesser amounts with all other secondary minerals. Weathering of primary ore minerals is related to underground water circulating through karst cavities and fractures within the Stan Terg deposit. Recognized secondary minerals are being an effect of metal sulfides oxidation when oxygen and water are present in the environment. Highly soluble sulphates are formed in such condition. Copiapite, rozenite, melanterite, roemerite, bianchite may be caused by quickly oxidization of pyrite to aqueous Fe2+ and SO42- . The source of zinc in bianchite is sphalerite, whereas the presence of the magnesium in epsomite may be linked to Mg-reach carbonates. All of described minerals precipitated from the solution.