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The impact of the modified ships’ routes in the Kattegat on the safety of navigation at the entrance to the Baltic Sea

Kerbrat Agnieszka, Guze Sambor

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2023

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nr 75 (147)

79--88

EN

Since the 1970s, ships in the Kattegat area and the Baltic Sea entrances have been advised to use one of the routes established by the Danish Maritime Safety Administration. As time passed, traffic increased significantly, demanding adjustments to the introduced solutions to accommodate new volumes of ships passing through the entrances to the Baltic Sea. It is estimated that about 70,000 vessels are passaged via Kattegat yearly. Additionally, an increase in the traffic of fishing vessels and small pleasure crafts of different types has been observed, necessitating regulation to ensure the safety of navigation for everyone involved. Therefore, on the 1st of July 2020, a new routing system was introduced in the area of Kattegat by the decision of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). This paper focuses on the exact changes made and how those changes may influence the safety of navigation in Kattegat and the Sound, considering the COLREG rules and human factors in planning and executing passage via this area. A short presentation of recent accidents, and a study of difficulties arising from the new traffic organization, will be given. Brief traffic analysis is conducted using IWRAP MK II software, and historical AIS data from research will advance a more detailed examination and simulations. Finally, the introduced routing system’s effectiveness is compared using density plots from chosen periods. Furthermore, the analysis of the influence on the safety of navigation, as the introduced solution, is observed to be unusual. New routings have been in force for over two years and are accepted and used by most merchant vessels operating in Kattegat. Even so, this period is too short to clearly state that it is completely safe.

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Traffic Rules and Environmental Conditions in Kattegat and the Sound Regarding Changes Planned for 2020

Kerbrat A.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni

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2018

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nr 107

59--71

EN

This paper describes presently applied sailing rules and environmental conditions on Danish waters such as Kattegat and the Sund. Those rules were established in late 70’s of the twentieth century by Danish authorities as Denmark is a coastal country and has the legal right to do so. Presently International Maritime Organization – IMO is in the process of approving a new set of routeing measures and traffic separation schemes which should comply with resolution A.257(14) – General provisions on ships’ routeing, and will be introduced by Organization.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono obecnie obowiązujące zasady żeglugi na wodach duńskich wraz z opisem warunków środowiskowych panujących w rejonie cieśnin Kattegat i Sund. Trasy żeglugowe w tym rejonie zostały ustanowione przez rząd duński jako państwo nadbrzeżne w latach 70. XX w. W chwili obecnej w IMO (International Maritime Organization) trwa proces uznania rozwiązań żeglugowych w Cieśninach Duńskich, jako zalecanych przez tę organizację oraz zgodnych z rezolucją A.572(14) („Zalecenia odnośnie tras żeglugowych”).

3

Water type quantification in the Skagerrak, the Kattegat and off the Jutland west coast

Kristiansen T., Aas E.

Oceanologia

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2015

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No. 57 (2)

177--195

EN

An extensive data series of salinity, nutrients and coloured dissolved organic material (CDOM) was collected in the Skagerrak, the northern part of the Kattegat and off the Jutland west coast in April each year during the period 1996–2000, by the Institute of Marine Research in Norway. In this month, after the spring bloom, German Bight Water differs from its surrounding waters by a higher nitrate content and higher nitrate/phosphate and nitrate/silicate ratios. The spreading of this water type into the Skagerrak is of special interest with regard to toxic algal blooms. The quantification of the spatial distributions of the different water types required the development of a new algorithm for the area containing the Norwegian Coastal Current, while an earlier Danish algorithm was applied for the rest of the area. From the upper 50 m a total of 2227 observations of salinity and CDOM content have been used to calculate the mean concentration of water from the German Bight, the North Sea (Atlantic water), the Baltic Sea and Norwegian rivers. The Atlantic Water was the dominant water type, with a mean concentration of 79%, German Bight Water constituted 11%, Baltic Water 8%, and Norwegian River Water 2%. At the surface the mean percentages of these water types were found to be 68%, 15%, 15%, and 3%, respectively. Within the northern part of the Skagerrak, closer to the Norwegian coast, the surface waters were estimated to consist of 74% Atlantic Water, 20% Baltic Water, and 7% Norwegian River Water. The analysis indicates that the content of German Bight Water in this part is less than 5%.

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Development and dynamics of a coastal sub-surface phytoplankton bloom in the southwest Kattegat, Baltic Sea

Lund-Hansen L.C.

Oceanologia

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2006

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No. 48 (3)

433-446

EN

The study was based on CTD-casts performed on 5 consecutive days at 7 positions along a shallow- to deep-water transect during the spring bloom in the southwest Kattegat. The development, dynamics and fate of the sub-surface chlorophyll maximum (SCM) are described. The SCM developed at a constant rate of 1.4 mg chl a m-3 d-1, which is equal to a carbon fixation rate of 49.0 mg C m-3 d-1. The SCM developed at 6 m depth at low irradiance levels (10-43.0 žE m-2 s-1). Chl a concentrations reached up to 23 mg chl a m-3 in the centre of the SCM. Growth rates in the SCM were estimated at 0.82 d-1. The water column was only weakly stratified, with nutrients in excess in the whole of the water column. The SCM was relocated vertically to depths below the photic zone by wind-induced advection between the bay and the outer Kattegat. There were indications of a horizontal relocation of the SCM by an internal standing wave. Application of high spatial and temporal resolution made it possible to estimate key SCM parameters, such as growth rates [mg chl a m-3 d-1] and carbon fixation rate [mg C m-3 d-1], on the basis of chl a variations in time and space.

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Transparency of the North Sea and Baltic Sea - a Secchi depth data mining study

Aarup T.

Oceanologia

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2002

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No. 44 (3)

323-337

EN

This paper presents the results of a Secchi depth data mining study for the North Sea - Baltic Sea region. 40,829 measurements of Secchi depth were compiled from the area as a result of this study. 4.3% of the observations were found in the international data centers [ICES Oceanographic Data Center in Denmark and the World Ocean Data Center A (WDC-A) in the USA], while 95.7% of the data was provided by individuals and ocean research institutions from the surrounding North Sea and Baltic Sea countries. Inquiries made at the World Ocean Data Center B (WDC-B) in Russia suggested that there could be significant additional holdings in that archive but, unfortunately, no data could be made available. The earliest Secchi depth measurement retrieved in this study dates back to 1902 for the Baltic Sea, while the bulk of the measurements were gathered after 1970. The spatial distribution of Secchi depth measurements in the North Sea is very uneven with surprisingly large sampling gaps in the Western North Sea. Quarterly and annual Secchi depth maps with a 0.5o × 0.5o spatial resolution are provided for the transition area between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea (4oE-16oE, 53oN-60oN).

6

Spectral light absorption by yellow substance in the Kattegat-Skagerrak area

Hojerslev N. K., Aas E.

Oceanologia

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2001

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No. 43 (1)

39-60

EN

More than 1500 water samples were taken from the Kattegat, the Skagerrak and adjacent waters. The value of the absorption coefficient of yellow substance at 310 nm was found to vary from 0.06 to 7.4 m-1 in the open coastal waters, with a mean value of 1.3 m-1. The corresponding wavelength-averaged value (250-450 nm) of the semilogarithmic spectral slope of the coefficient ranges from 0.008 to 0.042 nm-1, and the mean value is 0.023 nm-1. Closer to river discharges, as in the fjords, the values of the slope seem to be more constant at around 0.0175 š 0.0015 nm-1. In this area the slope must then be known in order to compare absorption at different wavelengths or to model the yellow substance absorption.