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Zmiany stanów i temperatury wód podziemnych w wybranych zlewniach Karkonoszy

Rysiukiewicz M., Marszałek H.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 11/2

1239--1243

EN

The paper presents the results of groundwater level and temperature monitoring in the main porous-fissured aquifer occurring in selected catchments of the Karkonosze Mts. The analysis was based on the results of observations carried out in two catchments (Łomnica and Wrzosówka rivers) of the Karkonosze National Park during the period of 2014-2016, where 6 piezometers at depths of 4.80 to 13.45 m were installed. Groundwater monitoring is carried out in an elevation transect, in the range from about 600 to almost 1090 m a.s.l. Significant elevations of the water level were observed after rainfall and melting recharge in the spring, and long regression periods in the summer-autumn season.

2

Application of ground penetrating radar to identification of thickness and structure of sediments in postglacial lakes, illustrated with an example of the Mały Staw lake (the Karkonosze Mountains)

Gądek B., Grabiec M., Kędzia S.

Studia Geomorphologica Carpatho-Balcanica

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2015

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Vol. 49

5--13

EN

This paper has been aimed at demonstrating the applicability of the ground penetrating radar to acquiring basic information on lake sediments and geomorphological conditions of their deposition in the basin of Mały Staw lake. The lake area is one of the most comprehensively studied part of the Polish part of the Karkonosze Mountains. The application of radar soundings enabled a fast and environmentally friendly verification as well as updating the results of previous research on the thickness and structure of the sediments of this glacial lake. Mały Staw lake is formed at the postglacial depression in the granite bedrock. The bottom of the lake is composed of limnic deposits of the maximum thickness reaching up to 15 m. The postglacial formations occurring below them probably contain a buried moraine of the youngest recessional phase. Solid rock is located about 25 meters beneath the current bottom of the lake.

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Branneryt z Wołowej Góry i towarzyszące mu minerały uranu (Karkonosze)

Domańska-Siuda J.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2012

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nr 448 (2)

393--399

PL

Występowanie brannerytu na terenie Polski stwierdzono jedynie na zboczach Wołowej Góry, położonej około 3 km na południowy zachód od Kowar (pasmo Karkonoszy). Jego obecność została potwierdzona badaniami rentgenograficznymi. Celem przedstawionej pracy jest szczegółowe określenie składu chemicznego brannerytu z Wołowej Góry oraz ustalenie wzoru empirycznego. Na podstawie badań w mikroobszarze określono również skład minerałów powstających podczas rozkładu brannerytu. W obrębie badanych faz stwierdzono występowanie metaautunitu oraz sabugalitu, który został po raz pierwszy opisany ze stanowiska Wołowa Góra.

EN

Brannerite is a rare mineral that can be regarded as one of the uranium ores. In Poland, its occurrence is confirmed only among the quartzose veins located on the slopes of Wołowa Góra, 3 km southwest of Kowary, in the Karkonosze range. Its presence was confirmed thanks to X-ray diffraction analyses. The purpose of this paper is estimation of the chemical composition of the brannerite. Using the EPMA (Electron Probe MicroAnalysis) technique also specifies the composition of minerals formed during the weathering of the brannerite have also been specified. Among its most common decomposition products, metaautunite and sabugalite were found, reported for the first time from Wołowa Góra.

4

Karkonoski Park Narodowy z otuliną jako geopark krajowy

Knapik R., Migoń P.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 11

1065-1069

EN

The Certificate of National Geopark for the Karkonosze National Park with its buffer zone reflects the policy of the Ministry of Environment, which aims to create a network of national geoparks in Poland. It is also a consequence of conducting by the Karkonosze National Park the project "Geosites inventory and assessment in the Karkonosze National Park and its buffer zone, including preparation of the geological map of the area", which provided solid scientific basis for the recognition of Karkonosze Mts. as national geopark. The certificate highlights the geodiversity of the Karknosze Mts., which parallels its biodiversity values and is decisive for the great attractiveness of the area among the scientists and visitors alike. Features such as mountain-top planation surfaces, glacial cirques, granite tors, and waterfalls have been invariably listed as the key elements of geoheritage of the Karkonosze Mts. Less obvious, but no less important are various mineralogical localities, exposures of granite and metamorphic rock which provide insights into the nature of igneous and rock deformation processes in the Palaeozoic era, peat bogs bearing record of palaeoenvironmental change, and remains on past mining and mineral prospecting. Geodiversity of the Karkonosze Mts. is well-documented in dozens of scientific publications, but also also consistently exposed by the Karkonosze National Park and other institutions, through wide-ranging activities of popularizing geoheritage of these mountains.

5

Geomorfometria granitowej części Karkonoszy

Kasprzak M., Traczyk A.

Landform Analysis

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2010

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Vol. 13

33-46

PL

W pracy dokonano analizy morfometrycznej rzeźby granitowej części Karkonoszy. W obszarze zainteresowania znalazły się główne jednostki geomorfologiczne masywu: Grzbiet Główny, Karkonoski Padół Śródgórski i Pogórze Karkonoszy. Analizę prowadzoną przy użyciu programów GIS (GRASS GIS, MicroDEM, SAGA GIS, ILWIS) oparto na cyfrowym modelu wysokościowym (DEM). Wybrano najpopularniejsze wtórne parametry morfometryczne powstałe w efekcie przekształcenia DEM oraz algorytmy klasyfikujące formy terenu: topographic grain (lineamenty rzeźby), curvature (krzywizna), openness (otwarcie), topographic wetness Index TWI (topograficzny wskaźnik wilgotności), topographic position index TPI (topograficzny indeks pozycji), generic landforms. Wyniki przeprowadzonych analiz pozwalają na wydzielenie na badanym obszarze terenów o odmiennych właściwościach, co do tej pory nie było w literaturze przedmiotu odnotowane. Można stwierdzić, że w literaturze geomorfologicznej regionu nie podkreślano dominacji prostego kształtu stoków i przeceniano w udziale ogólnej powierzchni masywu zrównania stokowe. Obraz Padołu i Pogórza na wynikowych mapach morfologicznych ukazał zmieniający się z zachodu w kierunku wschodnim układ obniżeńi kulminacji. W strefie Pogórza doskonale zaznaczył się kratowy układ obniżeńograniczających różnoskalowe elewacje morfologiczne. Spośród zastosowanych w opracowaniu parametrów najpełniejszy obraz geomorfologii Karkonoszy dała procedura TPI. Wynik analizy z zastosowaniem TWI potwierdza wcześniejsze tezy wskazujące na koncentrację wilgoci w strefie dolnych załomów stoku. Tym samym jest to pośredni dowód na słuszność poglądów odnoszących się do zróżnicowania stref głębokiego wietrzenia chemicznego masywu.

EN

The paper presents results of morphometric analysis of granitic part of the Karkonosze Mts. Main geomorphological units of Karkonosze Mts. - Main Ridge, Karkonosze Intramontane Trough and Karkonosze Foothills - were in the study area. Analysis was carried out using GIS software (GRASS GIS, MicroDEM, Saga GIS, ILWIS) and digital elevation model (DEM). The most popular secondary geomorphometrical parameters were chosen and algorithms classifying terrain forms: topographic grain, curvature, openness, topographic wetness Index TWI, topographic position index TPI, generic landforms. Results of analysis allow for identification of unit/zones in studied area with different properties, as for this time it was not recorded in a literature of a subject. It is possible to state that until now in geomorphological literature of the region a dominance of straight shape of slopes was not underlined and in the participation of the general area of the massif planar surfaces were overrated. An image of Karkonosze Intramontane Trough and Karkonosze Foothills on final morphological maps showed an arrangement changing from the west to the east of linear depressions and elevations/peaks. In the zone of Karkonosze Foothills rectangular shape of valleys was indicated. Selected from among of parameters applied in the study TPI procedure gave the fullest information of the Karkonosze Mts. morphology. Result of the analysis with TWI application was confirming earlier theses pointing at a concentration of wetness in a zone of bottom edge of slopes. It is indirect evidence for diversifying zones of deep chemical weathering in granitic massif.

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Variation in ultrastructure of chloroplasts in needles of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) saplings growing under the canopies of diverse tree species

Kierzkowski D., Samardakiewicz S., Robakowski P.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2007

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Vol. 55, nr 4

821-825

EN

Ultrastructural traits of chloroplasts in needles of Abies alba saplings growing under the canopy of Larix decidua Mill. and Picea abies Karst. were studied. An acclimation of chloroplast from the palisade parenchyma to different light conditions created by the principal species of the canopy was assessed using transmission electron microscope and light microscope. A comparison of such chloroplast patterns as: number of chloroplast per palisade parenchyma section unite, chloroplast section surface, number of thylakoids per granum, number of grana per section surface of chloroplast, thylakoids section surface to stroma section surface ratio, number of osmophilic granules, and size of starch granules allowed to determine plasticity of the ultrastructures in response to irradiance level under each canopy. There was, for example, evidence that the number of thylakoids per granum was lower, whereas chloroplast section surface inversely, was higher at greater canopy openness. The investigated patterns of chloroplasts, which reflect their biochemical adaptations, might significantly affect photosynthetic capacity of the young firs. Their variation reflected an ability of Abies alba photosynthetic apparatus to acclimate to canopy shading at the ultrastructural level.

7

Comparison of subfossil diatoms (bacillariophyta) from two oligotrophic lakes: Mały Staw (Markonosze Mts., Poland) and somaslampi (Lapland, Finland)

Sienkiewicz E.

Polish Geological Institute Special Papers

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2005

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Vol. 16

109--115

EN

Holocene diatoms were studied from sediments cores retrieved from Mały Staw Lake in Karkonosze Mts. in Poland and from Somaslampi Lake in Finnish Lapland. In the core from Mały Staw Lake (882 cm long) 184 taxa representing 30 genera were identified. With respect to ecological preferences indifferent forms were the most abundant. The core was divided into six diatom assemblage zones (DAZ: DMS-1-DMS-6) based on CONSLINK cluster analysis. The core from Somaslampi Lake was 249 cm long. The number of taxa identified was significantly higher (250 taxa belonging to 40 genera). In the latter core four diatom assemblage zones (DAZ: DS-1-DS-4) were recognized. Alkaliphilous and indifferent taxa predominated in Somaslampi Lake. Despite the differences in climatic conditions, natural habitats and bedrock, numerous diatom species occur in both lakes; however, they differed in abundance. Generally, the most abundant taxa with respect to biogeography represent forms of the so-called nordic-alpine provenance, typical for oligotrophic lakes.

PL

Analizę diatomologiczną wykonano dla próbek osadów holoceńskich z Małego Stawu w Karkonoszach (Polska) i z jeziora Somaslampi w Laponii (Finlandia). Z rdzenia osadów Małego Stawu o miąższości 882 cm oznaczono 184 taksony należące do 30 rodzajów. Do gatunków dominujących należą okrzemki obojętne względem pH. W diagramie okrzemkowym wydzielono 6 poziomów okrzemkowych (diatom assemblage zones - DAZ: DMS-1 - DMS-6) w oparciu o wyniki analizy klastralnej. W profilu osadów jeziora Somaslampi o miąższości 249 cm zidentyfikowano 250 taksonów należących do 40 rodzajów. W diagramie wyróżniono 4 poziomy okrzemkowe (DAZ: DS-1 - DS.-4). W jeziorze Somaslampi dominują formy alkalifilne i obojętne. Pomimo różnic wynikających z odmiennych warunków klimatycznych, środowiska naturalnego i podłoża, zaobserwowano występowanie tych samych gatunków okrzemek w obydwu jeziorach, ale w różnych zawartościach procentowych. Większość taksonów okrzemek występujących w badanych profilach określanych jest jako formy północnoalpejskie, typowe dla jezior oligotroficznych.

8

Variation in structure of needles of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) saplings groowing under the canopies of diverse tree species

Robakowski P., Samardakiewicz S., Kierzkowski D.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2004

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Vol. 52, nr 4

563-568

EN

Morphological and anatomical traits of needles of Abies alba saplings growing under the canopies of Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica, Betula pendula, Pinus sylvestris and Larix decidua were studied. An acclimation of the needles to different light conditions created by the principal species of the canopy was assessed using different microscopic methods. Length, width, needle area, stomatal density, parenchyma thickness, resin ducts diameter, central cylinder size and other traits of needles allowed to determine their structural plasticity in response to irradiance level, Leaf mass to area ratio, palisadeparenchyma thickness, diameter of resin ducts increased, whereas width/thickness ratio and needle thickness/parenchyma thickness ratio decreased with increasing canopy openness. Variation in the investigated patterns of the needles reflected their structural plasticity and also an ability of silver fir saplings to acclimate to irradiance under the canopies of diverse tree species.

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Soil properties under declined spruce canopies affected by industrial pollution in the Karkonosze region

Gworek B., Wasiłowska A., Sztrantowicz H.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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1999

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Vol. 47, no 4

373-380

EN

Basic physico-chemical properties of soil (pH, exchangeable and hydrolytic acidity, contents of organic carbon, total nitrogen, and exchangeable cations) were examined in a series of sites situated from the top downward a mount (1219-900 ma.s.l.) in the western part of Karkonosze Mts. Much variability in parameters studied was found resulting from origin of the soils as well as from environmental conditions. The soils are highly acidic, and the high exchangeable acidity is the main effect of exchangeable aluminium content of the soil. Mineral horizons of the soils have low cation exchange capacity and low saturation level with basic cations.

10

Effect of spruce forest decline on spider communities of Karkonosze Mts.

Łuczak J., Woźny M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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1999

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Vol. 47, no 4

429-447

EN

Effects of spruce forest degradation on quantitative and qualitative diversity of communities of epigeic spiders and spiders inhabiting herb and shrub layer were studied in Karkonosze Mts. It has been found that epigeic spiders have preferred degraded forest habitats, whereas spiders inhabiting herb layer, mainly web spiders were most abundant in old-growth living spruce forests and, during spring - also in spruce thickets. Some 15% only of epigeic spiders numbers and 20% of web spiders of the herb layer were common to all of the three habitat types examined: living spruce forests, degraded forests and spruce thickets (young spruce forest). This reflects spatial diversity of the spider communities. An analysis was made of these differences, as well as of the difference between the upper and lower montane zone with regard to colonisation by the spiders.

11

Changes of herb-layer vegetation in mountain spruce forests under the influence of industrial pollution and the forest decline

Wasiłowska A.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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1999

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Vol. 47, no 4

381-398

EN

The studies were carried out in the region of two peaks (Mumlawski Wierch 1219 m a.s.l. and Szrenica Mt. 1362 m a.s.l.) in the Karkonosze Mts (south-western Poland). As a consequence of deforestation of the area studied, herb-layer vegetation has been altered. This consists in e.g. changes in quantitative proportions among components of the plants, gradual diminishing of dicotyledonous forest species, and an increase in participation of grasses (Deschampsia caespitosa and Calamagrostis villosa) in the communities. Range of these changes depends on how long ago an area was devoid of forest. However, the effects of such transformations are not irreversible. Within the spruce saplings overgrowing the deforested areas, regeneration of typically forest herb-layer vegetation has been observed.