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Heterogeneity of folding in Zechstein (Upper Permian) salt formations in the Kłodawa Salt Structure, central Poland

Burliga S.

Geological Quarterly

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2014

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Vol. 58, No. 3

565--576

EN

Analysis of folds carried out in the Kłodawa Salt Structure (central Poland) showed that the Upper Permian (Zechstein) siliciclastic-evaporitic bed sequence is heterogeneously folded, which resulted from differences in competence of rocks and from bed stratigraphy. Rock salt and potash-rich complexes of each Zechstein cycle are internally folded and contain multiple sheath folds, interpreted as the early sheath folds, originated during lateral flow of salt. These folds are superposed by upright sheath folds inside thick PZ1-PZ2 rock salt complexes. The lack of superposed folds in younger Zechstein salt complexes (PZ3-PZ4) and unconformities between the PZ1-PZ2 and PZ3-PZ4 beds imply that rock salt beds were internally folded prior to diapirism, independently in each salt bed. Two oldest rock salt beds welded during lateral flow and were folded together into upright sheath folds during the upward flow of salt. These superposed folds clustered into subordinary diapirs and pierced through the younger deposits. The latter sunk in salt masses and formed large-scale synclinoria, consisting of beds with fossil early tectonic and sedimentary structures.

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Coalified bitumens from the Kłodawa Salt Structure (central Poland) as evidence on migration of hydrothermal fluids in Zechstein (Upper Permian) deposits

Wagner M., Burliga S.

Geological Quarterly

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2014

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Vol. 58, No. 3

555--564

EN

The paper presents the results of petrographic and geochemical studies of coaly matter occurring in Stinking Shale and Main Dolomite (PZ2, Upper Permian) deposits in the Kłodawa Salt Structure in central Poland. The coaly matter is both dispersed in the PZ2 shales and carbonates and concentrated in veins which crosscut these deposits and, depending on the location, depicts contrasting maceral composition and the rank of coal. The veins are built of colotellinite and micrinite, showing a mean random reflectance of coal in the range of 1.38–1.40%, whereas the dispersed organic matter is composed mostly of semifusinite and fusinite with minor vitrinite, showing a mean random reflectance of 0.82%. It is interpreted that the heterogeneous composition and rank of coal result from migration of hot fluids within a fracture system developed in the PZ2 shale and carbonate beds. The influx of hot fluids into the organic matter-rich beds led to the generation of bitumen which catagenetically altered along the hot fluid conduits. The coalification of bitumens took place at an early stage of tectonic deformation of the Zechstein salt series, initiated by regional extension and normal displacement on a basement fault, most probably in the Late Permian–Early Triassic.

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Hydrocarbons in the Upper Permian PZ1– PZ2 cycles of the Kłodawa Salt Structure, central Poland

Wolny Ł., Czechowski F, Burliga S., Raczyński P., Hojniak M.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2014

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Vol. 84, No. 4

363--374

EN

Organic geochemical studies were carried out on the sulphate–shale–carbonate series, representing the upper PZ1 and lower PZ2 sections of the Zechstein cycles in the Kłodawa Salt Structure, located in the central part of the Zechstein Basin, in Poland. Hydrocarbons extracted from the Na1 and Na2 rock salts, the A1g and A2 anhydrites, the Ca2 dolomitic anhydrite and the T2 shale-carbonate rocks were analysed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Homological series of the n-alkanes and chained isoprenes indicate the algal nature of the organic matter with the characteristic chemiistry of type II kerogen deposited under anoxic conditions. The molecular composition of other biomarkers (n-alkylbenzenes, steranes) as well as phenenthrene and dibenzothiophene and their methyl derivatives revealed the highest maturity of the hydrocarbons (level of advanced stage of the oil-window zone) in the upper part of the Stinking Shale. In the adjacent beds, a gradual decrease in the maturity of the hydrocarbons was observed both upwards and downwards in the stratigraphic sequence. The main source rock of the hydrocarbons is represented by the Stinking Shale deposits. The observed trend of vertical variation in maturity through the rock profile is explained as resulting from the continuous vertical migration of hydrocarbons, expelled during maturation from the Stinking Shale rocks into the underlying and overlying strata.

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Perspektywy eksploatacji soli w kopalni soli "Kłodawa" w aspekcie aktualnego stanu wiedzy o budowie tektonicznej wysadu Kłodawy

Burliga S., Janiów S., Sadowski A.

Technika Poszukiwań Geologicznych

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2005

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R. 44, nr 4-5

17-25

PL

Praca przedstawia syntezę współczesnego stanu wiedzy o budowie i ewolucji wysadu solnego Kłodawy, dokonaną na podstawie badań własnych i dotychczasowych publikacji poświęconych tektonice wysadu. Ustalono, że obecna struktura i rozwój wysadu kontrolowane były przez aktywność uskoków podłoża cechsztynu, która doprowadziła do migracji mas solnych oraz intesywnego przefałdowania i ścinania utworów cechsztyńskich. W efekcie w wysadzie powszechnie obserwuje się tektoniczne kontakty między wydzieleniami litologicznymi, zwiększenie lub redukcję miąższości skał serii solnej, a pośród soli kamiennych występują bloki anhydrytu. Uwzględniając czynniki tektoniczne, wskazano najbardziej optymalne obszary rozwoju eksploatacji soli w wysadzie.

EN

This paper summarises modern state of knowledge on the structure and evolution of the Kłodawa Salt Structure. The synthesis is based on the results of authors' research as well as so far published data on the tectonics of the structure. It is concluded that the present day structure and its developement has been controlled by activity of basement faults, which has led to migration of salt masses and intense folding and shearing of Zechstein sediements. As a consequence, the lithological units commonly show tectonic boundaries, thickness variation, and within rock salt units blocks of anhydrite occur at present. Taking into account the tectonic constraints, the most favourable salt mining areas are indicated within the salt structure.