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1 2002

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Ekonomia neoklasyczna - ujęcie retrospektywne

Drabińska D.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

2002

R. 47, nr 3

43--74

The name ‘neoclassical economics’ is used with respect to three different schools of economics that developed independently of one another in the 1870s, in England, Austria and Switzerland. The first of the schools, among whose members were economists from the University of Cambrige, had its intellectual continuation in America, and is for this reason also referred to as the Anglo-American school. Another designation used for it is the school of partial equilbiria, because that was the method which members of the school mainly used in their research. The name neoclassical school is sometimes used exclusively for this particular school, out of the three concurrently developing schools, because it was the ideas of this school, its methods of analysis, directions of research and ways of describing economic phenomena that best correspond to the general characteristics of neoclassical economics. The school was founded by William Stanley Jevons, but an unquestioned master of this orientation in economic thinking was Alfred Marshall, the key figure of the Cambridge school. The neoclassical school is sometimes also described as the Marshall school, while the name of its founder is associated with the socalled Jevons rervolution in economics. In America, the school’s idea were developed especially by John Bates Clark. The founder of the Austrian school, which developed at the same time at the University of Vienna, was Carl Menger; among the best known economists of the second generation of that school were Friedrich von Wieser and Eugen von Boehm-Bawerk. The school stressed the psychological premises of human action, and that is why it is sometimes referred to as the psychological or subjectivist school; this name is sometimes combined with basic method of economic analysis used by its representatives, marginal calculus, and it is therefore called the subjective-marginal (subjective-marginalist) school, a name that is also used for the whole of economics that developed as a result of the Jevons revolution. The third of the schools of economics discussed is the Lausanne school, whose founder, Leon Walras, was connected with University of Lausanne; the Polish members of this school included Władysław Zawadzki, later a professor at the University in Wilno and the Warsaw School of Commerce [Szkoła Głowna Handlowa]. Among the main representatives of the school one should mention the names of Vilfredo Pareto, Enrico Barone and Luigi Amoroso. The Lausanne school is also called the mathematical school, because of the widespread use of mathematical methods in economics, which was a novelty at the time when the school developed. The school is sometimes also referred to as the school of general equilibrium, because of the fact that it viewed equilibrium globally for the whole economy, on all the markets in parallel. All three schools developed as a result of the so-called Jevons revolution, which brought into focus the individual consumers with their problems and motivations of choice. The Jevons revolution changed the perspective in the way that economics was perceived, going back to analysing phenomena in individual terms, from the perspective of particular economic agents. Generally speaking, the Jevons revolution not only formulated a basis for the theory of the consumer, but it also laid a foundation for the economics of firms, for the description of interrelated markets and for the study of markets for particular goods and services. We thus treat the revolution as marking the beginning of microeconomics in its modem form. The Jevons revolution is also described as the marginal, marginal-subjectivist or marginalist-subjectivist revolution. These names stress the methods of research in which, for the first time, and on a large scale, the principles of differential calculus were used in economics for isolating marginal measures, which became the foundation of microeconomic thinking. The adjective ‘subjective’ stressed the role of an individual’s psyche in making economic decisions. All those elements constituted a new approach to economic phenomena, as classical economics conceived of economic processes in macroeconomic terms and focused on processes of production, ignoring consumer economics and the internal economic analysis of firms, thus paying no attention to the behaviour of particular economic agents.