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1

Artificial intelligence in the smart city — a literature review

Szpilko Danuta, Naharro Felix Jimenez, Lăzăroiu George, Nica Elvira, Gallegos Antonio de la Torre

Engineering Management in Production and Services

|

2023

|

Vol. 15, no. 4

53--75

EN

The influence of artificial intelligence (AI) in smart cities has resulted in enhanced efficiency, accessibility, and improved quality of life. However, this integration has brought forth new challenges, particularly concerning data security and privacy due to the widespread use of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. The article aims to provide a classification of scientific research relating to artificial intelligence in smart city issues and to identify emerging directions of future research. A systematic literature review based on bibliometric analysis of Scopus and Web of Science databases was conducted for the study. Research query included TITLE-ABS-KEY (“smart city” AND “artificial intelligence”) in the case of Scopus and TS = (“smart city” AND “artificial intelligence”) in the case of the Web of Sciences database. For the purpose of the analysis, 3101 publication records were qualified. Based on bibliometric analysis, seven research areas were identified: safety, living, energy, mobility, health, pollution, and industry. Urban mobility has seen significant innovations through AI applications, such as autonomous vehicles (AVs), electric vehicles (EVs), and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), yet security concerns persist, necessitating further research in this area. AI’s impact extends to energy management and sustainability practices, demanding standardised regulations to guide future research in renewable energy adoption and developing integrated local energy systems. Additionally, AI’s applications in health, environmental management, and the industrial sector require further investigation to address data handling, privacy, security, and societal implications, ensuring responsible and sustainable digitisation in smart cities.

2

Systemy informatyczne i telekomunikacja – Komitet Studiów D2

Piotrowski Jan

Energetyka

|

2023

|

nr 3

247--250

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano informacje o głównych kierunkach rozwoju systemów informatycznych i telekomunikacji w elektroenergetyce na podstawie referatów zaprezentowanych w trakcie trwania Sesji CIGRE 2022 i przeprowadzonej na ich podstawie dyskusji otwartej dla wszystkich delegatów. Główne przesłanie to pokazanie, w jaki sposób będzie realizowane wsparcie dla elastycznej pracy systemów energetycznych ze strony struktur informatycznych i telekomunikacyjnych.

EN

Given here are informations about main directions of Information and telecommunication systems development in the power industry basing on papers presented during the CIGRE 2022 Session and the later discussion opened for all delegates. The main message of these meetings was to show how would be realised the support for the elastic work of power systems on the part of information and telecommunication structures.

3

Agri-Food 4.0 and Innovations: Revamping the Supply Chain Operations

Dadi Vasavi, Nikhil Suryadevara Ram, Mor Rahul S., Agarwal Tripti, Arora Sapna

Production Engineering Archives

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2021

|

Vol. 27, Iss. 2

75--89

EN

The agri-food sector contributes significantly to economic and social advancements globally despite numerous challenges such as food safety and security, demand and supply gaps, product quality, traceability, etc. Digital technologies offer effective and sustainable ways to these challenges through reduced human interference and improved data-accuracy. Innovations led by digital transformations in the agri-food supply chains (AFSCs) are the main aim of 'Agri-Food 4.0'. This brings significant transformations in the agri-food sector by reducing food wastage, real-time product monitoring, reducing scalability issues, etc. This paper presents a systematic review of the innovations in the agri-food for digital technologies such as internet-of-things, artificial intelligence, big data, RFID, robotics, blockchain technology, etc. The employment of these technologies from the ‘farm to fork’ along AFSC emphasizes a review of 159 articles solicited from different sources. This paper also highlights digitization in developing smart, sensible, and sustainable agri-food supply chain systems.

4

Stacje i instalacje elektroenergetyczne – Komitet Studiów B3

Samek Sławomir

Energetyka

|

2021

|

nr 3

220--235

PL

Zaprezentowano zagadnienia przygotowane w formie referatów i dyskutowane podczas Sesji Technicznych Komitetu Studiów B3 Stacje i instalacje elektroenergetyczne. Położono nacisk na bieżące tendencje, które istotnie kształtują i będą kształtować w przyszłości kierunki rozwoju w tym obszarze. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na budowanie i utrzymywanie poprawnych relacji pomiędzy energetyką a środowiskiem naturalnym, w tym promocję technologii neutralnych bądź nawet wspierających środowisko naturalne. W tym zakresie promowano rozwiązania wolne od gazu SF6, technikę próżniową dla wyłączników wysokiego napięcia i stosowanie czystego powietrza w rozdzielnicach z izolacją gazową. Podkreślono znaczenie nowoczesnych technologii informatycznych wspierających proces tworzenia i użytkowania obiektów elektroenergetycznych, zwłaszcza modelowania trójwymiarowego pozwalającego na etapie projektowania przewidywać wszelkie zdarzenia, jakie mogą pojawić się w trakcie budowy i eksploatacji i skutecznie nimi zarządzać oraz drukowania trójwymiarowego, które pomaga szybko i w miarę tanio tworzyć części zamienne dla aparatów i urządzeń. Odrębny obszar zagadnień to właściwe podejście do zabiegów o charakterze konserwacyjnym i naprawczym. Wskazano na zdecydowaną preferencję dla interwencji wynikających z aktualnego stanu elementu, w miejsce dotychczas stosowanych przeglądów okresowych, realizowanych w stałych odstępach czasowych. Podano informacje dotyczące bezpieczeństwa ludzi pracujących w bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie elementów czynnych i w obszarze oddziaływania pól elektromagnetycznych.

EN

Presented are problems prepared in the form of papers and discussed during Technical Sessions of the Study Committee B3 Substations and electrical installations. An emphasis was put to current tendences which significantly shape now and will shape in future directions of development in this field. Special attention was paid to build and maintain proper relations between energy industry and the natural environment including promotion of neutral technologies and the ones which even support the environment. In this scope promoted are SF6 gas free solutions, vacuum technology for HV breakers and application of clean air in gas-insulated switchgears. Emphasized is the importance of modern information technologies supporting the process of construction and operation of power industry objects especially including 3D modelling which allow at the designing stage to foresee all events that can happen during construction and operation and help to manage them effectively. At the same level of importance is the 3D printing that helps quickly and not too expensively produce spare parts for equipment and appliances. The separate topics area is the proper attitude to maintenance and repair operations. Indicated is a strong preference for interventions resulting from the actual condition of an element in place of previously used periodic inspections carried out at fixed time intervals. Given are informations concerning safety of people working in the immediate vicinity of active elements and in the area of the impact of electromagnetic fields.

5

Modern methods in the field of machine modelling and simulation as a research and practical issue related to Industry 4.0

Rojek Izabela, Macko Marek, Mikołajewski Dariusz, Sága Milan, Burczyński Tadeusz

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2021

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Vol. 69, nr 2

art. no. e136717

EN

Artificial intelligence (AI) is changing many areas of technology in the public and private spheres, including the economy. This report reviews issues related to machine modelling and simulations concerning further development of mechanical devices and their control systems as part of novel projects under the Industry 4.0 paradigm. The challenges faced by the industry have generated novel technologies used in the construction of dynamic, intelligent, flexible and open applications, capable of working in real time environments. Thus, in an Industry 4.0 environment, the data generated by sensor networks requires AI/CI to apply close-to-real-time data analysis techniques. In this way industry can face both fresh opportunities and challenges, including predictive analysis using computer tools capable of detecting patterns in the data based on the same rules that can be used to formulate the prediction.

6

Logistics information processing systems on the threshold of IoT

Lewczuk Konrad, Kłodawski Michał

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

|

2020

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z. 107

85--94

EN

This paper presents in general, the issue of logistics information and systems processing it in logistics chains. The concept of logistic information was defined and the main types were discussed, with particular emphasis on information associated with logistic facilities, such as warehouses. Thereafter, a three-level model of the information processing system in the logistics chain was presented and elaborated upon. The importance of new, primary concepts in the field of logistics information – Logistics 4.0 and Internet of Things as well as the resulting concept of decision centres scattered to the equipment layers of logistic systems were reviewed. The summary contains probable development trends in the five most important areas of logistics information processing in the future.

7

BoostSole: Design and Realization of a Smart Insole for Automatic Human Gait Classification

Djamaa Badis, Bessa Med Messaoud, Diaf Badreddine, Rouigueb Abdenebi, Yachir Ali

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2020

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Vol. 21

35--43

EN

This paper presents BoostSole; a smart insole based system for automatic human gait recognition. It consists of a smart instrumented insole connected to the cloud via the patient's smartphone using low-power wireless communication. First, the design of BoostSole is introduced with discussions of sensors choice, placement, calibration, and data communication. Next, an adaptive multi-boost classification algorithm is deployed to accurately identify different gait patterns. The algorithm is fast and lightweight and can be implemented in ordinary smartphones with a small footprint in terms of computational requirements, energy consumption, and communication usage. Raw and on-device classified data can be securely uploaded to a distant cloud server for continuous monitoring and analysis. Indeed, they can be visualized and exploited by doctors to identify/correct walking habits and assess the risks of chronic pain associated with an abnormal walk. The system has been evaluated on a dataset containing three gait patterns, namely: shuffle walk; toe walking; and normal gait. Obtained results are promising with more than 97\\% classification accuracy accompanied by low response time and computational demands.

8

New technologies in transport in the face of challenges of economy 4.0

Kolasińska-Morawska K., Sułkowski Ł., Morawski P.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2019

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z. 102

73--83

EN

Nowadays, the dynamics of variability marked by technologisation and digitisation cannot be underestimated. New technologies identified with Economy 4.0 affect almost every dimension of the modern world. The level of competitiveness of modern economies is determined by the implementation and diffusion of innovations based on new technologies. Artificial Intelligence, the Internet of Things (IoT), the Internet of Everything (IoE), hyperconnectivity, cloud computing applications and services, Big Data Analytics (BDA), Big-Data-as-a-Service (BDaaS), automation and robotisation are just a few of the technologies that the authors found worth looking at in more detail with regard to transport. Digital transformation is also a new opportunity as well as a challenge for business. This paper indicates the metamorphosis that transport has undergone as a result of the injection of new technologies. The presented material has been collected in the course of the source research carried out using the idiographic method. A critical analysis of available documents and literature, as well as digital sources, has made it possible to identify the benefits of injecting new technologies in transport as an effect of adaptability to the digital age.

9

Present state and future application of smart technologies in manufacturing processes

Chmielarz Grzegorz

Production Engineering Archives

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2019

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Vol. 24

14--19

EN

The paper concentrates on the issues of applying smart technologies in the manufacturing processes. The author includes in it brief descriptions of the smart technologies that contributed to the emergence of Industry 4.0 concept. Additionally, based on reports and surveys conducted on a global scale re-garding the application of intelligent technologies, the author analyses the current state of implementing these technologies in manufacturing processes and provides forecasts regarding the adoption of the solutions based on Artificial Intelligence in global enterprises in the near future.

10

Remote programming and reconfiguration system for embedded devices

Michalec Tomasz, Wojczuk Maksymilian, Brzoza-Woch Robert, Szydło Tomasz

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2019

|

Vol. 18

467--470

EN

This article presents a concept of a system which can be utilized as a remote management add-on for embedded devices. It can be applied to resource-constrained wireless sensors and IoT nodes based on a general purpose microcontroller unit or a field programmable gate array (FPGA) chip. The proposed solution facilitates remote firmware update, management, and operation monitoring. Thanks to the utilization of standard protocols and interfaces, the proposed system is very flexible and it can be easily customized for multiple modern microcontrollers or programmable logic chips. The presented system can be an efficient solution for fast prototyping and it can be an alternative to a time-consuming process of bootloader development for ad hoc devices. It can also be applied to remote laboratory access for educational purposes. A proof of concept prototype implementation has been successfully developed and evaluated. The implementation is available on a free license and utilizes a commonly available and inexpensive hardware platform.

11

Efficient production monitoring on the basis of domain ontologies by utilizing IoT

Riad Maha, Elgammal Amal, Elzanfaly Doaa

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2019

|

Vol. 20

93--100

EN

The Internet-of-Things (IoT) technologies and cyber-physical systems has facilitated production monitoring and control. However, researches and applications still lack a standardized framework and an integrated technological solution that can maximize the leverage of real-time monitoring. This can be achieved through enabling data transfer and exchange between all entities/organizations in supply chains and accordingly utilizing the monitored data. This paper introduces a framework for production monitoring that utilizes and integrates ontological model, which implements and integrates Semantic Sensor Network (SSN) ontology with production monitoring services. In addition, Complex Event Processing is integrated in the proposed model to enable event patterns identification and undertake the appropriate (pro-active) action accordingly. The framework is constructed based on ISA-95 and SCOR standards. The utility, applicability and efficacy of the proposed framework is validated by its application on a real-life large-scale case study in the domain of laser cutting machines.

12

Internet rzeczy w integracji procesów zarządzania kryzysowego

Ogórek M., Zaskórski P.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Poznańskiej. Organizacja i Zarządzanie

|

2018

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Nr 76

199--215

PL

W artykule przedstawiono zarys koncepcji wykorzystania Internetu rzeczy (Internet of Things – IoT) w procesach zarządzania kryzysowego oraz korzyści, jakie z tego wynikają a także zagrożenia z tym związane. Podjęto przy tym próbę identyfikacji obszaru i dziedzin użycia Internetu rzeczy w szeroko pojmowanych systemach zapewniania bezpieczeństwa. Rozważania podjęte w tym opracowaniu skłaniają ku szerszemu spojrzeniu na problem Internetu rzeczy, podkreślają jego znaczenie i rolę w dynamicznie zmieniającym się świecie, który wraz z rozwojem technicznym i globalizacją narażony jest na coraz to nowsze z tym związane zagrożenia, które wymuszają potrzebę wzmacniania i doskonalenia systemów zarządzania kryzysowego, szczególnie w kontekście zapewniania informacyjnej ciągłości działania.

EN

The article presents an outline concept of using the Internet of Things (IoT) in crisis management processes. Also presented are the resulting benefits and the related risks. An attempt is made to identify the extent and the domains of the use of the Internet of Things in broadly defined security systems. This discussion encourages a broader approach to the Internet of Things and underscores its role and importance in the fast changing world which is exposed to ever new dangers accompanying technological development and globalization. These dangers require the strengthening and perfecting of crisis management systems, particularly for the purpose to assure the informational continuity of functioning.

13

Street lights intelligent system, based on the internet of things concept

Cygan Sebastian, Borowik Barbara, Borowik Bogdan

Applied Computer Science

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2018

|

Vol. 14, no 1

5--15

EN

The paper presents a project of a street lights intelligent system, which allows for public savings, as a result of more efficient roads and pavements lights management. The system would operate based on the current loca-tion of vehicles and pedestrians. Because of this no additional costs or devices are required in smartphones or modern vehicles to indicate its location, as smartphones, smartwatches and most of modern cars are equipped with the GPS modules. But each smart street lamp needs to be equipped with a little module that communicates with the central system and which controls the work of lighting.

14

Developing a Bluetooth Low Energy Sensor Node for Greenhouse in Precision Agriculture as Internet of Things Application

Taşkın Deniz, Taşkin Cem, Yazar Selçuk

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

|

2018

|

Vol. 12, no 4

88--96

EN

The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm is referring to the underlying constituents of the 4th Industrial Revolution that will also affect the use of the internet in industrial production in the future. More than 50 billion smart devices will be able to communicate with each other and internet services over the increasing network capabilities of wireless sensor networks nodes on IoT applications in the next ten years. One of the leading production areas using IoT within wireless sensor networks is precision agricultural practices. In this study, a new sensor node design, which includes ambient light and temperature sensors employing Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) communication protocol, is used as an IoT application. Subsequent to this, sensor node power consumption and management cost was investigated. The experimental results show that the developed sensor node lifetime is about 8 years and the total cost of nodes and gateway model is under $50 per year per 0.1 hectare.

15

Internet Przedmiotów : od nauki do przemysłu

Romaniuk R. S.

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

|

2017

|

Vol. 58, nr 6

3--37

PL

Internet Przedmiotów, Internet Rzeczy, Internet of Things staje się odrębną interdyscyplinarną dziedziną nauki i techniki integrującą takie obszary jak informatykę, telekomunikację, elektronikę i fotonikę, nauki informacyjne, psychologię i socjologię, nauki ekonomiczne, nauki o biznesie i gospodarowaniu. Korzysta z rozwoju tych nauk wprowadzając nową jakość. Część Internetu Przedmiotów dotycząca bezpośrednio człowieka nazywamy Internetem Dotykowym, Internetem Socjalnym, lub Internetem Usługowym. Część Internetu Przedmiotów integrowana z funkcjonalnymi warstwami cywilizacyjnymi nazywamy Internetem Infrastrukturalnym lub Internetem Inteligentnej Infrastruktury. Oba te Internety zostały nazwane przez Cisco, a termin przyjął się szerzej, Internetem Wszystkiego, Internet of Everything IoE. Autor przedstawia ogólniejsze monograficzno-eseistyczne, nieco subiektywne, wprowadzenie do Internetu Rzeczy, także bazujące częściowo na własnych doświadczeniach budowy takiego Internetu dla wielkich eksperymentów badawczych w CERN, GSI, FAIR, w ramach akceleratorowych projektów Europejskich CARE, TIARA, EuCARD, ARIES. Takie i inne doświadczenia badawcze są obecnie nadspodziewanie intensywnie transferowane do życia codziennego i przemysłu. Taki przemysł określamy nawet odrębnym terminem jako Przemysł w wersji 4.0.

EN

Internet of Things – IoT – turns to a strongly defined and separate, interdisciplinary branch of science and technology. It integrates such areas as: informatics, telecommunications, electronics and photonics, information sciences, psychology and sociology, economic sciences, and business sciences. IoT benefits from the development of these sciences introducing its strongly visible own quality. The part of of the IoT which concerns directly human beings is called Tactile Internet, Internet of Tactile Things, Internet of Social Things, Internet of Services, etc. The part of IoT which is integrated with the solid functional layers of our civilization is called Infrastructural Internet, Internet of Infrastructural Things, or just Intelligent Infrastructure. These both Internets were called by Cisco, ant this term was accepted widely, the Internet of Everything or IoE. The author presents here a more general monographic essay, slightly subjective consideration, which is an introduction to the Internet of Things. These considerations are based, at least partly, on own experiences of development and introduction of such Internets for large research experiments in CERN, GSI, FAIR, and in the framework of the European accelerator infrastructural projects like CARE, TIARA, EuCARD, ARIES. Such ones and other research experiences are now surprisingly efficiently transferred to the everyday life and the industry. Such an industry is even given a special version and called Industry 4.0.

16

Environmental monitoring systems using internet of things – standards and protocols

Tadejko P.

Ekonomia i Środowisko

|

2017

|

nr 4

102--116

EN

The Internet of Things (IoT) consist of smart connected devices in homes, businesses and cities that has the ability communicate over an Internet without human-to-human or human-to-computer involvement. IoT communication standards and platforms has a high potential for a wide range of applications in different domains. Collecting the data by a large number of sensors, is a challenging task because of many open issues. Effective collection and distribution are crucial for classes of smart city services such as environmental monitoring, public security, transportation, and other. Unfortunately there are many connection gaps between the raw sensor data and the information context that are needed by high-level services and applications. Utilization of some Semantic Web standards provide better integration of sensor with applications, but still is far from being solved. Therefore, we have analyzed selected standards, protocols, and architectures and have suggested some enhancements into “common semantics” model.

17

Internet Rzeczy w przenośnych lodówkach samochodowych

Sadowski E.

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

|

2017

|

R. 18, nr 12

1281--1284, CD

PL

Internet Rzeczy, z ang. Internet of Things (IoT) to technologia, za pomocą której urządzenia elektroniczne komunikują się ze sobą tworząc globalną sieć transmisji danych. Internet przedmiotów znajduje zastosowanie w nowoczesnym budownictwie, logistyce czy też transporcie, a także w codziennym użytku. W artykule omówiono przykład kompresorowej lodówki samochodowej CFX z użyciem modułu CC3200 LaunchPad zaprojektowanego do pracy w technologii Internet Rzeczy (IoT). Przedstawiono także platformę SimpleLink przeznaczoną dla modułów IoT. Zostały także zaprezentowane możliwości, wady i zalety takich rozwiązań, oraz kierunki dalszego rozwoju technologii.

EN

Internet of Things (IoT) is a technology by which electronic devices communicate with one another, creating a global data network. The Internet of Things is applicable in modern construction, logistics or transport as well as in everyday use. This article discusses an example of a CFX car refrigerator with the CC3200 LaunchPad module for use with the Internet of Things (IoT). Also featured is the SimpleLink platform for IoT modules. The opportunities, advantages, and disadvantages of such solutions were also presented, as well as directions for further technological development.

18

Real-time mapping: contemporary challenges and the Internet of Things as the way forward

Bęcek K.

Geodesy and Cartography

|

2016

|

Vol. 65, no. 2

129--138

EN

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging technology that was conceived in 1999. The key components of the IoT are intelligent sensors, which represent objects of interest. The adjective ‘intelligent’ is used here in the information gathering sense, not the psychological sense. Some 30 billion sensors that ‘know’ the current status of objects they represent are already connected to the Internet. Various studies indicate that the number of installed sensors will reach 212 billion by 2020. Various scenarios of IoT projects show sensors being able to exchange data with the network as well as between themselves. In this contribution, we discuss the possibility of deploying the IoT in cartography for real-time mapping. A real-time map is prepared using data harvested through querying sensors representing geographical objects, and the concept of a virtual sensor for abstract objects, such as a land parcel, is presented. A virtual sensor may exist as a data record in the cloud. Sensors are identified by an Internet Protocol address (IP address), which implies that geographical objects through their sensors would also have an IP address. This contribution is an updated version of a conference paper presented by the author during the International Federation of Surveyors 2014 Congress in Kuala Lumpur. The author hopes that the use of the IoT for real-time mapping will be considered by the mapmaking community.

19

IoT jako naturalna ewolucja Internetu

Czajkowski R., Nowakowski W.

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

|

2016

|

Vol. 57, nr 4

28--32

PL

Przedstawiono zarys rozwoju i stan obecny technologii Internetu Rzeczy.

EN

The development and current state of the Internet of Things is present.

20

Fuzzy logic in decision support system as a simple Human/Internet of Things interface for shunt active power filter

Jasiński M., Majtczak P., Malinowski A.

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

|

2016

|

Vol. 64, nr 4

877--886

EN

This paper introduces a fuzzy logic (FL) based decision support system (DSS) for a three-phase bidirectional AC-DC grid converter, working in a modern grid-like smart grid or smart industry. It is assumed that the appliances connected to that grid interact as in the Internet of Things (IoT) or like in the Internet of Everything (IoE) i.e. with a human being located in the chain of data flow. A power electronics AC-DC converter, operating as a shunt active power filter (SAPF) is selected for the case study. A harmonics reduction algorithm is presented as an implementation sample of the DSS. The operation of the SAPF is described and analysed. Experimental results showing the tuning process and operation of the laboratory model are also presented and discussed. Finally, it is shown that the DSS is an elegant and intuitive interface, which can simplify a human’s or machine’s decision-making process. Thanks to the DSS, the meaning of transferred data is translated into linguistic variables that can be understood by non-experts. Hence, it is expected that the amount of transferred data in the smart grid and in the IoE would be reduced. But in the same time, the high quality of the controlled process is retained, as shown by the example of a conventional SAPF.