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1

Optimization of daily operations in the marine industry using ant colony optimization (ACO)-An artificial intelligence (AI) approach

Sardar A., Anantharaman M., Garaniya V., Khan F.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2023

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Vol. 17 No. 2

290--295

EN

The maritime industry plays a crucial role in the global economy, with roughly 90% of world trade being conducted through the use of merchant ships and more than a million seafarers. Despite recent efforts to improve reliability and ship structure, the heavy dependence on human performance has led to a high number of casualties in the industry. Decision errors are the primary cause of maritime accidents, with factors such as lack of situational awareness and attention deficit contributing to these errors. To address this issue, the study proposes an Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) based algorithm to design and validate a verified set of instructions for performing each daily operational task in a standardised manner. This AI-based approach can optimise the path for complex tasks, provide clear and sequential instructions, improve efficiency, and reduce the likelihood of human error by minimising personal preference and false assumptions. The proposed solution can be transformed into a globally accessible, standardised instructions manual, which can significantly contribute to minimising human error during daily operational tasks on ships.

2

Revision of the IMO’s performance standards for ECDIS. Three versions of performance standards in use

Weintrit A.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2022

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Vol. 16 No. 4

675--683

EN

Traditional marine navigation methods are replaced by new solutions that use computers. Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS) are mandatory almost on every vessel [24],[25]. ECDIS not complying with regulations is an existing problem and a hazard for seafarers and the marine environment. But unfortunately, there is a deficit or even lack of procedures for checking whether ECDIS meets related performance standards. Regulatory bodies of the maritime industry are now contemplating how to tackle this blunder [1]. SOLAS regulations V/18 and V/19 [24], requires that in order to achieve chart carriage requirements (in terms of SOLAS Convention), the ECDIS equipment must conform to the relevant IMO performance standards. ECDIS units on board of the ships are required to comply with one of three performance standards (either IMO resolution A.817(19) [18], as amended [19],[20], or resolution MSC.232(82)) [21], or resolution MSC.530(106) [23], depending on the date of their installation. In this article, the author tries to explain the differences in these three documents. Along with technological progress, the equipment becomes more and more advanced and technologically sophisticated. This applies to both hardware, software and databases. ECDIS software developers should use the right tools, including incorporate automated self-tests into their products and shipping companies should employ maintenance strategies to improve ECDIS compliance [1], taking into account that time is running quickly.

3

Alternative maritime satellite solutions for enhanced GMDSS network

Ilcev D. S.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2022

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Vol. 16 No. 2

267--272

EN

In this paper are introduced alternative architectures for the novel development of the enhanced Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) satellite communication network and equipment within the Gostationary Erath Orbits (GEO and Non-GEO satellite constellations. Since its founding in 1959, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and its member states, in close co-operation with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and other international organizations, notably the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), the International Mobile Satellite Organization (IMSO) and Cospas-Sarsat partners, have striven to improve maritime distress and safety radio and satellite communications, as well as general communications for operational and personal purposes. This paper also reviews the principal concept of the GMDSS network, an overview of existing LRIT and maritime Integrated Radio-Automatic Identification System (R-AIS) and Satellite-AIS (S-AIS) networks. In addition, new proposed by author networks of the Satellite Data Link (SDL), Maritime GNSS Augmentation Satellite Data Link (GASDL), Maritime Global Ship Tracking (GST), and Maritime Satellite Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (SADS-B) are also described in this paper.

4

Alternative maritime radio solutions for enhanced GMDSS network

Ilcev D. S.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2022

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Vol. 16 No. 2

259--265

EN

This paper introduces novel alternative maritime radio solutions for the improved Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) network and equipment within the Very High Frequency (VHF), Medium Frequency (MF) and High Frequency (HF) Ship Radio Station (SRS) terminals. Since its foundiing in 1959, International Maritime Organization (IMO) and its member states, in close co-operation with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and other international organizations, notably the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), the International Mobile Satellite Organization (IMSO) and the Cospas-Sarsat partners, have striven to improve maritime distress and safety radiocommunications, as well as general radiocommunications for operational and personal purposes. This paper also reviews concept of the GMDSS network, an overview of new propsed by author maritime VHF Data Link (VDL), maritime Radio Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (RADS-B), an maritime GNSS Augmentation VDL-Broadcast (GAVDL-B). In addition, the type of the current radio Maritime VHF Data Exchange System (VDES), Maritime MF-band Navigational Telex (NAVTEX), and Maritime MF/HF-band Navigation Data (NAVDAT) are also described in this paper.

5

Understanding the interrelation between the Safety of Life at Sea Convention and Certain IMO’s Code

Guevara D., Dalaklis D.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 2

381--389

EN

Over the last few decades, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has very heavily utilized the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974 Convention as the main legal instrument (and implementation tool) concerning safety at sea for merchant vessels engaged in international trade. During this more than a century of existence and continuous improvement of the Convention, wide-ranging safety risks have been addressed via SOLAS and certain relevant “supporting” Codes, covering for example the issues of design, construction and equipment of ships, as well as paving the way for the introduction of a structured framework of operational procedures that ensures a high level of professional performance for the crew onboard those seagoing vessels (the International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and for Pollution Prevention-ISM Code) and even including human factors topics. Until this point in time, the IMO has developed the SOLAS Convention with fourteen (14) chapters that are covering all the main risks associated with shipping operations and are working in parallel with other related Conventions and Codes to enhance the level of safety at sea, under a holistic approach that is working under the principle of interrelation. This paper aims to briefly discuss SOLAS’ history of development and highlight just a few of those important risks that this Convention is addressing, with certain emphasis on the topic of “safety of navigation”. Apart from helping to understand the way this Convention and other IMO’s legal instruments are interrelated, it will also provide a few educated guesses about the “upcoming” challenges that in the near future should also be included into the scope of the SOLAS, with the topic of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MAAS) clearly standing out.

6

Sustainable maritime career development: A case for maritime education and training (MET) at the secondary level

Heirs S., Manuel M. E.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 1

91--100

EN

This study interrogated the relevance of maritime education and training (MET) at the secondary level as an effective strategy for developing a sustainable supply of maritime labour and to mitigate current and future supply-demand imbalances arising from philosophical and sociological changes in society and in the maritime industry. Secondary education and its associated curriculum may be developed to form the underlying fundamentals of early awareness of maritime concepts targeted at youth of ages 11-18 years. To find answers to five research questions relating to this topic, a mixed method approach was applied in collecting and analysing data. The findings indicate strong evidence of the importance and relevance of MET at the secondary level. They further show this importance as it relates to an appreciation by the youth of the maritime industry as a domain for technical career options and to the creation of a sense of stewardship of the world’s oceans. Despite these positive findings, the study also finds that a number of key stakeholders are unaware of the potential and role of the maritime industry leading to a notable barrier to the implementation of MET at the secondary level and a lack of the necessary rigour and focus on promoting the industry to the youth via MET in secondary education. The study concludes by noting that there is a need for a focus on reforming the curricula of national secondary education system, where appropriate, as a first step towards the achieving the benefits of implementation of MET at the secondary level.

7

Port tugboat formation multi-agent control system

Koznowski W., Łebkowski A.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 4

807--814

EN

The publication presents the structure of the agent system, tasked with control of the formation of unmanned port tugboats capable of performing pilot and towing services. The use of autonomous tugboats with installed software was presented with respect to the existing regulations related to Resolution MSC.467 developed by the Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) belonging to the International Maritime Organization (IMO), which creates guidelines for the definition and harmonization of the structure and format of maritime services in the context of e-navigation. The use of a multi-agent system structure enables synergistic cooperation of tugboats carrying out joint port operations, such as: assistance in maneuvers of ships, precision movement of ships and other objects in port areas, monitoring and patrolling of port areas, carrying out ice operations, carrying out inspections of quays, the possibility of assistance in liquidation of petroleum and similar pollutant spills. The paper presents the structure of the agent system and the description of possible scenarios of port operations. The control algorithms and the applied methods of artificial intelligence, such as evolutionary algorithms with elements of fuzzy logic, were discussed. The recorded traffic parameters from the actions carried out in the simulator of the marine navigation environment were presented.

8

Fix position using two astronomical line of position

Buslă A.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 2

395--398

EN

The Intercept Method (originally known as the Intercept Azimuth method) was created in 1875 by the French captain (latter admiral) Marq de Saint Hilaire. The method is still used today and is accepted by the International Maritime Organization as an component element of the Standards of Training, Certification and Watch-keeping for Seafarers. This paper aims to present the way of graphically determination of the vessel's fix position with two astronomical position lines computed using the intercept method.

9

Effective learning from safety events reporting takes two: getting to the root & just culture

Carrera Arce M., Baumler R.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 2

331--336

EN

SAFEMODE is an EU-funded project under the Horizon 2020 programme. The project brings together experience from the whole safety value chain including manufacturers, service providers, regulators, academia, and small-medium enterprises. This paper focuses on two core aspects the project is addressing: 1) the systematic collection, analysis, and categorization of Human Factors (HF) data from maritime and aviation safety events, and 2) the development of a Just Culture framework for maritime to encourage reporting of safety events and learning from them, and at which respondents feel they are treated in a fair and just manner when reporting. Learning from safety events is only possible if root causes of accidents and incidents are properly and systematically identified, analysed, and categorized, and reporters know that reporting is a “safe” and beneficial practice. The implementation of these two outcomes as part of the institutionalization strategy of the project includes recommendations to industry guidance and practice and proposals to the International Maritime Organization (IMO).

10

Effective learning from safety events reporting takes two: getting to the root & just culture

Carrera-Arce M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 4

775--780

EN

SAFEMODE is an EU-funded project under the Horizon 2020 programme. The project brings together experience from the whole safety value chain including manufacturers, service providers, regulators, academia, and small-medium enterprises. This paper focuses on two core aspects the project is addressing: 1) the systematic collection, analysis, and categorization of Human Factors (HF) data from maritime and aviation safety events, and 2) the development of a Just Culture framework for maritime to encourage reporting of safety events and learning from them, and at which respondents feel they are treated in a fair and just manner when reporting. Learning from safety events is only possible if root causes of accidents and incidents are properly and systematically identified, analysed, and categorized, and reporters know that reporting is a “safe” and beneficial practice. The implementation of these two outcomes as part of the institutionalization strategy of the project includes recommendations to industry guidance and practice and proposals to the International Maritime Organization (IMO).

11

Comparison of problems related to the carriage of goods by sea between traditional and autonomous vessels

Pijacar M., Bulum B.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 1

125--131

EN

When performing the carriage of goods by sea, each contracting party, shipowner and charterer, has a number of rights and obligations. In legal sources which regulate carriage of goods by sea, in particular contracts concluded between parties, international conventions and national laws, standard clause is shipowner's obligation to provide a seaworthy vessel. Such obligation implies that the vessel must be able to carry and keep the contracted cargo in good condition and also have required number of qualified crew. On the other side, charterer's obligation is to order the vessel to sail to ports/berths which are considered safe (safe port warranty). Also, legal sources of carriage of goods by sea regulate liability issues for loading and discharging operations, the limitation of the shipowner’s liability and application of provisions related to exclusion of liability. All of the above represent important rights and obligations of the regulation of the carriage of goods by sea, and so regulated thus far have been common in the carriage of goods by sea by traditional vessels. However, the question that arises is how the problems related to the carriage of goods by sea will be regulated when such carriage is performed by autonomous vessels. In other words, there is a question about interpretation of the provisions of seaworthiness, safe port warranty, liability and the limitation of the shipowner’s liability and exclusion of liability in the carriage of goods by sea by autonomous ships. The purpose of this paper is comparison of problems related to the carriage of goods by sea between the traditional and autonomous vessels, and regarding the regulation of seaworthiness, safe port warranty, liability, the limitation of the shipowner’s liability and exclusion of liability. The results of this comparison lead to the conclusion that reconsideration of the content of the listed terms is needed when we are talking about carriage of goods by sea by autonomous vessels.

12

Piractwo morskie w ujęciu retrospektywnym, pojęciowo-prawnym oraz współczesnym

Panacheda M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Ruchu Studenckiego

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2015

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Nr 1

19--38

PL

W artykule przedstawiono proceder piractwa morskiego przy uwzględnieniu trzech płaszczyzn – historycznej, pojęciowo-prawnej oraz współczesnej. Opisano historyczne uwarunkowania istnienia piractwa, począwszy od Starożytności, poprzez wiek IX i X, czyli ekspansję Normanów, po odkrycie Nowego Świata przez Krzysztofa Kolumba. W rozdziale drugim ukazano definicję piractwa na podstawie artykułu 101. Konwencji Narodów Zjednoczonych o prawie morza z 1982 roku oraz wiele pokrewnych definicji i pojęć, często mylnie utożsamianych z piractwem morskim. Ostatni rozdział artykułu zawiera opis piractwa w warunkach współczesnych, przedstawia uwarunkowania, które przyczyniły się do jego rozpowszechnienia oraz analizuje owy proceder ze względu na miejsce jego występowania. Celem publikacji jest przedstawienie piractwa morskiego w przeszłości i teraźniejszości oraz porównanie ilości ataków ze względu na ich prawną definicję oraz obszar występowania.

EN

The article presents the piracy from the three perspectives: historical, conceptual-legal and modern. It describes the historical determinants of the piracy since the Ancient Times, then in the Norman conquest in the 9 th and 10th century, till the discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus. In the second chapter, it provides a definition of the piracy under the Article 101 of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea from 1982 and numerous other definitions and concepts, that very often are incorrectly identified with this illegal act. The last chapter describes the contemporary scope of the piracy, shows factors that led to its present expansion and analyzes its geographic occurrence. The publication aims to demonstrate the former and contemporary piracy, as well as to collate the number of pirate attacks taking into consideration their legal base and the area of occurrence.

13

Performance of a novel Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring procedure consistent with IMO requirements

Mink M., Heck B.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2015

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nr 44 (116)

155--161

EN

Although integrity concepts for Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are ubiquitous in the aviation community, integrity algorithms of comparable maturity have not yet been developed for maritime users. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) specifies requirements different from those specified by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). These different requirements affect the design of the integrity algorithms with respect to integrity risk allocation and threat space. This paper describes a novel integrity algorithm based on conditions valid for maritime users. The performance of the novel integrity algorithm has been assessed and compared to a conventional Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) approach consistent with IMO requirements.

14

Problematyka efektywności energetycznej oraz emisji związków toksycznych

Pojawa B., Kniaziewicz T.

Logistyka

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2014

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nr 6

1053--1060, CD 2

PL

Rozwijający się transport morski jest szansą na rozwój gospodarczy, ale jednocześnie stanowi zagro- żenie dla atmosfery i środowiska morskiego oraz krajów nadbrzeżnych. Działania na rzecz innowacyjnego i zrównoważonego rozwoju transportu morskiego prowadzi Międzynarodowa Organizacja Morska (IMO) we współpracy z Komisją Europejską wprowadzając uregulowania prawne w zakresie ochrony środowiska morskiego oraz efektywności energetycznej. W artykule przedstawiono podjęte działania IMO w zakresie ochrony środowiska morskiego oraz istotę efektywno- ści energetycznej i emisji związków toksycznych w transporcie morskim.

EN

Developing maritime transport is an opportunity for economic development, but also is a threat to the atmosphere and the marine environment and coastal countries. Measures for the development of innovative and sustainable maritime transport leads the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in collaboration with the European Commission introducing legislation for the protection of the marine environment and energy efficiency. The paper presents the measures taken for the protection of the IMO marine environment and the importance of energy efficiency and emissions of toxic compounds in maritime transport.

15

Prioritized Main Potential Solutions for the e-Navigation Concept

Weintrit A.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2013

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Vol. 7, no. 1

27--38

EN

In the paper the Author, a member of the International Maritime Organization’s Correspondence Group on e‐Navigation, outlines the prioritized solutions for e‐Navigation concept formulated at the beginning of 2013. He presents the details of internal CG’s discussions, different national positions after the announcement by the chairman of the group, Mr John Erik Hagen, the working material in this case. The hidden purpose of this study is to show the style and pace of the IMO working group, details regarding the exchange of posts and the formation of a final common position. Author presents just three weeks working with the CG on e‐Nav in the lens, doing it with the consent of all participants in this discussion.

16

Zagadnienia dotyczące radiokomunikacji morskiej na światową konferencję radiokomunikacyjną WRC-2012

Czajkowski J., Korcz K.

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

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2011

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Vol. 52, nr 5

28-33

PL

Przedstawiono krótką historię Światowych Konferencji Radiokomunikacyjnych - WRC (World Radiocommunication Conferences). Omówiono proces przygotowań do WRC-12 na poziomie światowym oraz europejskim. Przedstawiono punkty porządku obrad WRC-12 dotyczące radiokomunikacji morskiej oraz stanowisko Międzynarodowej Organizacji Morskiej - IMO (The International Maritime Organization) odnośnie tych punktów porządku obrad.

EN

The short history of World Radiocommunication Conferences (WRC) have been presented. The preparation process for WRC-12 on both the global and the european level have been described. The agenda items of WRC-12 concerning the maritime radiocommunication and the position of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) on these agenda items have been presented as well.