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Infrared sensors in spacecraft that monitor planet Earth

Norton P.

Opto-Electronics Review

2008

Vol. 16, No. 2

105-117

Infrared sensors provide a backbone for many of the instruments flown by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) that monitor conditions on planet Earth. This paper gives an overview of some of those missions and infrared sensors used in the spacecraft instruments. Basic properties of the sensors are described and the evolution of sensor complexity is presented by example. Future trends pointing towards more sophisticated sensors in the future are discussed.

High-performance IR detectors at SCD present and future

Nesher O., Klipstein P. C.

Opto-Electronics Review

2006

Vol. 14, No. 1

61-70

For over 27 years, SCD has been manufacturing and developing a wide range of high performance infrared detectors, designed to operate in either the mid-wave (MWIR) or the long-wave (LWIR) atmospheric windows. These detectors have been integrated successfully into many different types of system including missile seekers, time delay integration scanning systems, hand-held cameras, missile warning systems and many others. SCD's technology for the MWIR wavelength range is based on its well established 2D arrays of InSb photodiodes. The arrays are flip-chip bonded to SCD's analogue or digital signal processors, all of which have been designed in-house. The 2D focal plane array (FPA) detectors have a format of 320×256 elements for a 30-µm pitch and 480×384 or 640×512 elements for a 20-µm pitch. Typical operating temperatures are around 77–85 K. Five years ago SCD began to develop a new generation of MWIR detectors based on the epitaxial growth of antimonide based compound semiconductors (ABCS). This ABCS technology allows band-gap engineering of the detection material which enables higher operating temperatures and multi-spectral detection. This year SCD presented its first prototype FPA from this program, an InAlSb based detector operating at a temperature of 100 K. By the end of this year SCD will introduce the first prototype MWIR detector with a 640×512 element format and a pitch of 15 µm. For the LWIR wavelength range SCD manufactures both linear Hg1–xCdxTe (MCT) detectors with a line of 250 elements and time delay and integration (TDI) detectors with formats of 288×4 and 480×6. Recently, SCD has demonstrated its first prototype uncooled detector which is based on VOx technology and which has a format of 384×288 elements, a pitch of 25 µm, and a typical NETD of 50 mK at F/1. In this paper, we describe the present technologies and products of SCD and the future evolution of our detectors for the MWIR and LWIR detection.