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  1. 36 Polish Journal of Chemistry
  2. 15 International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy
  3. 2 Chemical Engineering and Equipment
  4. 2 Inżynieria i Aparatura Chemiczna
  5. 2 Tribologia
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  1. 14 Thirunarayanan G.
  2. 8 Brzyska W.
  3. 5 Arulkumaran R.
  4. 5 Kamalakkannan D.
  5. 5 Sundararajan R.
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  1. 1 2016
  2. 13 2014
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1
Content available Characterization of the organic fraction of pretreated leachate from old landfill after sonication exposure
Kwarciak-Kozłowska A., Sławik-Dembiczak L.
Inżynieria i Ochrona Środowiska
|
2016
|
T. 19, nr 4
561--575
EN
Collection of municipal waste in landfills, even properly designed and operated, is an important issue in environmental engineering. These are formed by the infiltration of rainfall through the waste bed and eluting with the organic and inorganic compounds, often toxic nature. So far, over 200, have been identified which are organic substances leachate contamination, as many as 35 belongs to the so-called “priority pollutants”. By the decrease in the concentration of organic compounds in the leachate decrease the value of biological and chemical oxygen demand which is dictated by stabilization of landfill as lengthening the time of its life. However, the indicator BOD5 decreases faster as compared to COD therefore BOD5/COD ratio is reduced to as low as 0.06. The leachate produced in mature landfills appears to be the presence of significant amounts of humic acid with very stable structure difficult to breach by bacteria. It was assumed that ultrasonic waves induce change in the structure of organic compounds and contribute to the acceleration of the biodegradability, among other substances in the effluents refractive thereby improve the efficiency of the biological purification processes. For sonification leachate used ultrasonic disintegrator type vibro goal Sonics (40 kHz). The range of vibration amplitude was varied in the range from 25 to 123 μm and exposure time (sonification of leachate) from 60 to 720 seconds. Also the measuring of the size of the energy produced during sonication sonochemical leachate was made. It was found, inter alia, that the sonification process of effluents clearly influenced the formation and release of aliphatic compounds. The –CH2 and –CH3 groups can be released from the humic compounds or aromatic combinations. It was also observed the formation of substantial amounts of compounds with the functional hydroxyl group, which might be derived from alcohols and carboxylic acids. These changes suggested a breach of the chemical structure of organic compounds contained in the leachate, so that, the chemical structure of the formed compounds was more susceptible to biodegradation. The study also determined the effect of ultrasonic field on the evolution of the BOD5 treated leachates and BOD5/COD ratio. The BOD5 sharp increase was observed at the time of sonification of leachate in the range of 60 to 300 s in the whole studied range of amplitudes. This suggests that by the action of the ultrasonic field generated in the effluents of chemical compounds had greater biodegradability.The process confirmed by the change in the ratio of BOD5/COD. The highest value of BOD5 indicator (460 mg/dm3) was at the time of subjecting the leachate impact of ultrasound using amplitude equal to the size of 25 μm and for the time of sonification equal 300 s. In this case the BOD5/COD factor increased to 0.12, and it was about 26% higher as compared to the value of this indicator for leachate no-sonificated (0.089).
PL
Gromadzenie odpadów komunalnych na składowiskach, nawet prawidłowo zaprojektowanych i eksploatowanych, jest istotnym zagadnieniem w inżynierii środowiska z uwagi na problemy ochrony wód gruntowych przed zanieczyszczeniem odciekami. Odcieki powstają w wyniku infiltracji opadów atmosferycznych przez złoże odpadów i wymywanie z niego związków organicznych i nieorganicznych, niejednokrotnie o charakterze toksycznym. Dotychczas zidentyfikowano ponad 200 substancji organicznych będących zanieczyszczeniami odcieków, z których aż 35 należy do tzw. „priority pollutants”. W miarę upływu czasu wskutek obniżania się stężenia związków organicznych w odciekach zmniejszają się wartości biologicznego i chemicznego zapotrzebowania tlenu, co związane jest ze stabilizacją składowiska w miarę wydłużania czasu jego eksploatacji. Wskaźnik BZT5 szybciej maleje w porównaniu z ChZT, w związku z czym stosunek BZT5/ChZT ulega zmniejszeniu nawet do poziomu 0,06. W odciekach powstających na „starych” składowiskach odnotowuje się obecność znacznych ilości kwasów humusowych charakteryzujących się bardzo stabilną strukturą trudną do naruszenia przez bakterie. Dlatego też efektywność ich oczyszczania metodą biologiczną osadu czynnego lub fermentacji metanowej nie jest zbyt wysoka. Założono, że fale ultradźwiękowe wywołają zmianę struktury związków organicznych i przyczynią się do przyśpieszenia biodegradowalności, między innymi substancji refrakcyjnych w odciekach, dzięki czemu wzrośnie efektywność ich oczyszczania w procesach biologicznych. Do nadźwiękawiania odcieków użyto dezintegratora ultradźwiękowego typu Sonisc vibro cel (40 kHz). Zakres wartości amplitud drgań zmienił się od 25 do 123 μm, a czas ekspozycji (nadźwiękawiania odcieków) od 60 do 720 s. Podczas sonifikacji dokonywano również pomiaru wielkości energii sonochemicznej wytwarzanej podczas nadźwiękawiania odcieków. Stwierdzono m.in., że proces sonifikacji odcieków wyraźnie wpłynął na powstawanie i uwolnienie związków alifatycznych. Grupy –CH2 i –CH3 mogły być uwalniane ze związków humusowych lub połączeń aromatycznych; zaobserwowano również powstawanie znacznych ilości związków z grupą funkcyjną –OH, które mogły być pochodnymi alkoholi i kwasów karboksylowych. Zmiany te wskazują na naruszenia struktury chemicznej związków organicznych zawartych w odciekach, wskutek czego powstawały związki o strukturze chemicznej bardziej podatnej na proces biodegradacji. W badaniach określono także wpływ pola ultradźwiękowego na zmiany wskaźnika BZT5 oczyszczanych odcieków oraz na stosunek BZT5/ChZT. Wyraźny wzrost BZT5 obserwowano w momencie nadźwiękawiania odcieków w zakresie od 60 do 300 s w całym przebadanym zakresie amplitud. Sugeruje to, że wskutek oddziaływania pola ultradźwiękowego na odcieki powstają w nich związki chemiczne o większym stopniu biodegradowalności. Zachodzący proces potwierdziła zmiana wartości stosunku BZT5/ChZT. Najwyższą wartość 460 mg/dm3 wskaźnik BZT5 przyjął w momencie poddawania odcieków oddziaływaniu ultradźwięków przy zastosowaniu wielkości amplitudy równej 25 μm i dla czasu nadźwiękawiania 300 s. Współczynnik BZT5/ChZT w tym przypadku wzrósł do poziomu 0,12 i był on o 26% wyższy w porównaniu do wartości tego wskaźnika dla odcieków nienadźwiękawianych (0,089).
2
Content available Synthesis, spectral correlations and biological activities of some (E)-[4-(substituted benzylidene amino)phenyl] (phenyl) methanones
Mayavel P., Thirumurthy K., Dineshkumar S., Thirunarayanan G.
International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy
|
2014
|
Vol. 20, iss. 2
145--159
EN
A series of Schiff’s bases have been synthesized by fly-ash:p-toluenesulfonic acid (fly-ash:PTS) catalyzed microwave assisted oxidative coupling of arylamines and substituted benzaldehydes under solvent-free condition. The synthesized Schiff’s bases are characterized by their physical constants, analytical and spectroscopic data. The group frequencies of imines such as IR (v, cm–1) and NMR (δ, ppm) spectral data was correlated with Hammett substituent constants, F and R parameters using single and multi-linear regression analysis. The antimicrobial activities of these Schiff’s bases have been studied using Bauer-Kirby method.
3
Content available Structure parameter correlation of some quinoxaline derivatives through IR and 13C NMR spectra
Thirunarayanan G., Muthuvel I., Sathiyendiran V.
International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy
|
2014
|
Vol. 19, iss. 2
198--207
EN
A series of 6-substituted quanoxaline derivatives have been synthesized and examined their purities by literature method. The infrared and 13>/Sup>C NMR spectral data of these quinoxalines were correlated with Hammett substituent constants, F and R parameters using single and multi-regression analysis. From the results of statistical analysis, the effect of substituents on the spectral frequencies has been studied.
4
Content available Spectral QSAR and QPR study of some (E)-4-(((2 hydroxy-6-(substituted phenyl)-1,6 dihydropyrimidin 4-yl)methyl)diazenyl)benzoic acid derivatives
Thirunarayanan G., Sekar K. G.
International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy
|
2014
|
Vol. 17, iss. 1
10--20
EN
A series of titled compounds were synthesized and recorded the infrared and NMR spectra. The assigned spectral group frequencies were correlated with Hammett substituent constants, F and R parameter. From the statistical analysis results, the effect of substituents on the spectral group frequencies has been studied.
5
Content available Spectral correlations in some substituted styryl (E)-4-((2-oxopropyl) diazenyl) benzoic acids
Sathiyendiran V., Sekar K. G., Thirunarayanan G., Arulkumaran R., Sundararajan R., Kamalakkannan D., Suresh R., Manikanadan V., Vijayakumar R., Vanangamudi G.
International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy
|
2014
|
Vol. 11, iss. 1
33-43
EN
A series of titled compounds were prepared and analyzed their purities by literature method. The infrared and NMR spectral group frequencies of the compounds were assigned and correlated with Hammett substituent constants, F and R constants using single and multi linear regression analysis. From the results of statistical analysis, the effect of substituents on the above spectral frequencies was discussed.
6
Content available Spectral correlation analysis of Hammett substituent constants and biological activities of some (E)-1-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ones
Kalyanasundaram N., Sakthinathan S. P., Suresh R., Kamalakkannan D., Joseph S. J., Vanangamudi G., Thirunarayanan G.
International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy
|
2014
|
Vol. 9
23--47
EN
A series of aryl chalcones have been synthesized from 4-phenoxyacetophonone with various substituted benzaldehydes. The purity of all chalcones has been checked using their physical constants and spectral data. These spectral data have been correlated with Hammett substituent constants and F and R parameters using single and multi-linear regression analysis. From the results of statistical analysis, the effect of substituents on the above spectral data has been studied. The single parameter correlation with few Hammett constants and F and R parameters gave satisfactory correlation coefficients whereas all multiple correlations gave satisfactory correlation coefficients with Resonance, Field and Swain-Lupton’s parameters. The antimicrobial activities of all chalcones have been studied using Bauer-Kirby method.
7
Content available Spectral correlation analysis and antimicrobial activities of some 2,4-dimethoxy phenyl chalcones
Joseph S. J., Arulkumaran R., Kamalakkannan D., Sakthinathan S. P., Sundararajan R., Suresh R., Vijayakumar S., Ranganathan K., Kalyanasundaram N., Vanangamudi G., Thirunarayanan G.
International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy
|
2014
|
Vol. 4
48--65
EN
A series of 2,4-dimethoxy phenyl chalcones have been synthesized by Crossed-Aldol condensation of 2,4-dimethoxy phenyl and various substituted benzaldehydes. The purities of these chalcones have been checked by their physical constants, UV, IR, NMR and MASS spectral data. The spectral data of these chalcones have been correlated with Hammett sigma constants, F and R parameters using single and multi-linear regression analysis. From the results of statistical analysis, the effects of substituents on the spectral group frequencies have been discussed. The anti-microbial activities of these chalcones have been evaluated using Bauer-Kirby method.
8
Content available Solvent-free synthesis and assessment of substituent effects from IR & NMR spectra of some substituted benzylidene-5-ethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-amines
Thirunarayanan G.
International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy
|
2014
|
Vol. 5
89--98
EN
A series containing ten titled compounds were synthesized by SiO2:H3PO4 catalyzed solvent-free condensation of substituted benzaldehydes and 2-amino-5-ethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole under microwave irradiation. The yields of prepared amines are more than 90 %. The synthesized amines were characterized by their physical constants and spectroscopic data reported in literature earlier for known compounds. The assigned spectral group frequencies such as infrared νC=N, C-S-C, N-N (cm-1) and NMR chemical shifts (δ, ppm) of CH, C=N have been correlated with Hammett substituent constants, F and R parameters using single and multi-linear regression analysis. From the results of statistical analyses, the effects of substituent on the above spectral data have been discussed.
9
Content available IR and NMR spectral studies of some 4-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)-5,6-dihydro-6-(substituted phenyl)-4H-1,3-oxazine-2-amines: Assessment of substituent effects
Thirunarayanan G.
International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy
|
2014
|
Vol. 4
109--116
EN
A series containing thirteen title compounds were synthesized and recorded IR and NMR spectra. The infrared νNH, C=N(cm-1)stretches, 1H NMR δNH, 13C NMR δC=N(ppm) chemical shifts of synthesized oxazine amines were assigned and correlated with Hammett substituent constants, F and R parameters. From the results of statistical analyses, the effect of substituents on the above spectral frequencies can be discussed.
10
Content available IR and 1H NMR spectral studies of some 2-Amino-4-isopropyl-6-methoxy-N-phenylpyrimidine-5-carboxamides: Assessment of substituent effects
Arulkumaran R., Sundararajan R., Manikandan V., Sathiyendiran V., Pazhamalai S., Thirunarayanan G.
International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy
|
2014
|
Vol. 19, iss. 1
15--25
EN
A series of 2-Amino-4-isopropyl-6-methoxy-N-phenylpyrimidine-5-carboxamide compounds have been synthesized from various substituted dithioacetal and guanidine. The purities of these compounds were checked by their physical constants, UV, IR, NMR and MASS spectral data. The IR and 1HNMR spectral data of these compounds have been correlated with Hammett sigma constants, F and R parameters using single and multi-linear regression analysis. From the results of statistical analysis, the effects of substituents on the spectral group frequencies have been discussed.
11
Content available Infrared and ¹³C NMR spectral studies of some aryl hydrazides: Assessment of substituent effects
Thirunarayanan G., Sekar G. K., Lakshmi Narayanan R.
International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy
|
2014
|
Vol. 13, iss. 1
88-94
EN
A series of some aryl hydrazides have been synthesized. These hydrazides purities were analyzed by physical constants and spectral data. The assigned spectral group frequencies were correlated with Hammett substituent constants and Swain-Lupton parameters using single and multi-linear regression analysis. From the results of statistical analysis, the effect of substituents on the spectral group frequencies has been discussed.
12
Content available Hammett spectral correlations in some aryl 1,3-oxazine-4-thione derivatives
Thirunarayanan G., Sekar K. G.
International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy
|
2014
|
Vol. 17, iss. 2
193--200
EN
A series of some aryl 1,3-oxazine-4-thione derivatives have been synthesized by 1-methyl imidazole catalyzed three component one pot synthetic method in room temperature. The purities of these thiones were studied by their physical constants and spectroscopic data. The infrared and 13C NMR spectral data of CN and CS were correlated with Hammett substituent constants, F and R parameters using single and multi-linear regression analysis. From the results of statistical analysis, the effect of substituent on the spectral data was studied.
13
Content available Hammett spectral correlations in benzofuranyl flavonols
Thirunarayanan G., Sekar K. G.
International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy
|
2014
|
Vol. 6
39--47
EN
A series containing eleven benzofuranyl flavonols have been prepared by cyclization of 3-hydroxybenzofuranyl chalcones with 30 % hydrogen peroxide in the presence of sodium bicarbonate. The synthesized flavonols were characterized by their physical constants, analytical and spectroscopic data. The infrared spectral νOH, CO stretches(cm-1), NMR chemical shifts of OH, CO(δ, ppm) of these flavonols were assigned and correlated with Hammett substituent constants, F and R parameters using single and multi linear regression analysis. From the results of statistical analyses, the effects of substituents on the above group frequencies were discussed.
14
Content available Assessment of substituent effects and antimicrobial activities of some 2ʹ,5ʹ-dimethyl phenyl chalcones
Joseph S. J., Kamalakkannan D., Arulkumaran R., Sakthinathan S. P., Suresh R., Sundararajan R., Vijayakumar S., Ranganathan K., Vanangamudi G., Thirunarayanan G.
International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy
|
2014
|
Vol. 5
99-123
EN
Some 2ʹ,5ʹ-dimethyl phenyl chalcones have been synthesized by Crossed-Aldol condensation between 2,5-dimethyl acetophenone and various substituted benzaldehydes using catalytic amount of sodium hydroxide and ethanol. The yields of the chalcones are more than 93 %. The purities of these chalcones have been checked by their physical constants, UV, IR, NMR and MASS spectral data. The spectral data of these chalcones have been correlated with Hammett sigma constants, F and R parameters using single and multi-linear regression analysis. From the results of statistical analysis, the effects of substituents on the spectral group frequencies have been discussed. The anti-microbial activities of these chalcones have been evaluated using Bauer-Kirby method.
15
Content available Przemiany struktury smarów plastycznych po testach tribologicznych
Pawelec E., Siwiec E.
Tribologia
|
2013
|
nr 2
141--150
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badania składu smarów plastycznych po testach tribologicznych prowadzonych w warunkach stałego obciążenia węzła tarcia. W tym celu wykonano widma IR smaru wyjściowego i porównano je z widmami uzyskanymi dla smarów po testach tribologicznych. Zidentyfikowano pasma charakterystyczne dla badanych smarów i oceniono zmiany w tych zakresach. Uzyskane wyniki wykazały, że właściwości przeciwzużyciowe badanych smarów nie są jedynie funkcją ilościowego udziału dodatków, ale także produktów oksydacji, jakim ulegają składniki smaru.
EN
This paper presents the results of grease composition analysis when tribological tests are performed under constant load. The analysis was conducted by comparing the IR spectra of grease before and after tribological tests. The changes in the identified spectra characteristic of the greases were used to evaluate changes in the grease structures. The results showed that the anti-wear properties of lubricants tested are both a function of the quantitative contribution of additives and the oxidation products that are components of the grease.
16
Content available Symulacja widm absorpcyjnych azobenzenu i jego pochodnych
Połubok A., Kaczmarek H.
Inżynieria i Aparatura Chemiczna
|
2013
|
Nr 5
469--470
PL
Wykonano wizualizację widm absorpcyjnych azobenzenu i jego pochodnych na superkomputerze NOVA. Uzyskane dane: energia poszczególnych stanów wzbudzonych, energia pobudzenia i siła oscylatorów pozwoliły wnioskować o położeniu i intensywności pasm w widmie UV-Vis, Na podstawie częstości drgań harmonicznych wyznaczono widmo IR. Otrzymane widmo dobrze pokrywa się z danymi literaturowymi. Możliwość generowania kształtu widm jest użyteczna w przypadku trudności w ich rejestracji metodami tradycyjnymi.
EN
Visualization of azobenzene spectra and its derivatives using numerical simulation on the NOVA supercomputer was carried out. Data obtained, such as calculating energy of individual excited states, energy stimulation and oscillator strength enabled one to find a position and intensity of bands in UV-Vis spectra. The IR spectra were determined on basis of harmonic vibration frequency. The obtained spectra corresponded quite well with literature data thus offering alternative for the application of traditional methods.
17
Content available Synthesis and spectral correlation study of some 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(substituted phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-yl-ethanones
Thirunarayanan G., Ravi K.
International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy
|
2013
|
Vol. 14
44--57
EN
Some N-acetyl pyrazoles including 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(substituted phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-yl-ethanones have been synthesised by solvent free cyclization cum acetylation of chalcones including substituted styryl 3,4-dichlorophenyl ketones using hydrazine hydrate and acetic anhydride in presence of catalytic amount of fly-ash: H2SO4 catalyst. The yield of these N-acetyl pyrazole derivatives are more than 75 %. The synthesised N-acetyl pyrazoline derivatives were characterized by their physical constants and spectral data. The infrared spectral νC=N and C=O (cm-1) frequencies, NMR chemical shifts (δ, ppm) of Ha, Hb, Hc, CH3 protons, C=N, C=O and CH3 carbons of 1-(3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(substitutedphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-yl) ethanones have been assigned and correlated with Hammett substituent constants and Swain-Lupton’s parameters using single and multi-regression analysis. From the results of statistical analyses the effect of substituents on the above group frequencies and chemical shifts of the acetylated pyrazoles were discussed.
18
Content available Spectral correlations and antimicrobial activities of some 1-pyrenyl chalcones
Arulkumaran R., Vijayakumar S., Sundararajan R., Sakthinathan S.P., Kamalakkannan D., Suresh R., Ranganathan K., Rajakumar P.R.
International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy
|
2013
|
Vol. 5
21-38
EN
A series of 1-pyrenyl chalcones have been synthesized by Crossed-Aldol condensation of 1-acetylpyrene and substituted benzaldehydes. The purities of these chalcones have been checked by their physical constants, UV, IR, NMR and MASS spectral data. The spectral data of these chalcones have been correlated with Hammett sigma constants, F and R parameters using single and multi-linear regression analysis. From the results of statistical analysis, the effect of substituents on the spectral group frequencies have been discussed. The anti-microbial activities of these chalcones have been evaluated using Bauer-Kirby method.
19
Content available Zastosowanie spektrofotometrii FT-IR do oceny zmiany składu smaru plastycznego wskutek wymuszeń mechanicznych
Siwiec E., Pawelec E., Molenda J.
Chemik
|
2011
|
Vol. 65, nr 7
633-636
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badania wpływu testów tribologicznych na zmianę plastycznego. W tym celu wykonano widma IR smarów wyjściowych i porównano je z widmami uzyskanymi dla smarów po działaniu wymuszeń. Zidentyfikowano pasma charakterystyczne dla badanych związków i oceniono zmiany w tym zakresie. Stosując prawo Beera-Lamberta opracowano metodykę oznaczania zawartości dodatków smarnych w kompozycjach i zastosowano ją do oceny zmian chemicznych w tym zakresie.
EN
The paper presents results of studies of the effect of tribological tests on changes in the composition of greases. To this end IR spectra of the unaffected greases have been registered and compared with the spectra of greases acted upon mechanically. Bands characteristic of the compounds studied were identified and changes thereof were assessed. A methodology based on Beer-Lambert law was developed for determining the content of additives in the studied compositions and was subsequently applied to assess the chemical transformations in this area.
20
Content available Właściwości kwasów huminowych gleb czarnoziemnych występujących w rejonie Kłodzka
Łabaz B.
Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie
|
2010
|
T. 10, z. 3
153-164
PL
Celem przeprowadzonych badań była charakterystyka właściwości fizykochemicznych oraz składu ilościowego i jakościowego związków próchnicznych gleb występujących w rejonie Kłodzka, a zaliczanych obecnie do czarnych ziem. Warunki fizjograficzne na tym obszarze nie wskazują na możliwość przebiegu procesu bagiennego, który warunkuje powstawanie czarnych ziem. Na podstawie badań terenowych i wyników analiz należy stwierdzić, że gleby te wykazują wiele cech wspólnych z glebami czarnoziemnymi Płaskowyżu Głubczyckiego. Potwierdza to analiza ilościowa składu frakcyjnego związków próchnicznych, jak również przeprowadzone analizy fizykochemiczne kwasów huminowych.
EN
This publication describes physico-hemical properties and the qualitative and quantitative composition of humus from Phaeozems in the Kłodzko district. Physiographic conditions of the area seemed to exclude a possibility of bog-forming processes which determine the black earth development. Based on performed studies one may conclude that the studied soils showed many features common with the soils of the Głubczycki Plateau. Quantitative analysis of fractional composition of humic compounds and physico-chemical properties of humic acids confirmed this conclusion.
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