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1

Methodology to improve the accuracy of determining the position of UAVS equipped with single-frequency receivers for the purposes of gathering data on aviation obstacles

Lalak Marta, Krasuski Daniel, Wierzbicki Damian

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2023

|

z. 119

83--104

EN

Low-altitude photogrammetric studies are often applied in detection of aviation obstacles. The low altitude of the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) flight guarantees high spatial resolution (X, Y) of the obtained data. At the same time, due to high temporal resolution, UAVs have become an appropriate tool for gathering data about such obstacles. In order to ensure the required accuracy of orientation of the photogrammetric block, Ground Control Points (GCPs) are measured. The recently introduced UAV positioning solutions that are based on Post-Processing Kinematic (PPK) and Real Time Kinematic (RTK) are known to effectively reduce, or, according to other sources, even completely eliminate the necessity to conduct GCP measurements. However, the RTK method involves multiple limitations that result from the need to ensure continuous communication between the reference station and the rover receiver. The main challenge lies in achieving accurate orientation of the block without the need to conduct time-consuming ground measurements that are connected to signalling and measuring the GCPs. Such solution is required if the SPP code method is applied to designation the position of the UAV. The paper presents a research experiment aimed at improving the accuracy of the determination of the coordinates of UAV for the SPP method, in real time. The algorithm of the SPP method was improved with the use of IGS products.

2

Integration of artificial neural network and the optimal GNSS satellites’ configuration for improving GNSS positioning techniques (a case study in Egypt)

Alemam Mustafa K., Yong Bin, Mohammed Abubakar S.

Artificial Satellites : Journal of Planetary Geodesy

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2022

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Vol. 57, No. 1

18--46

EN

Nowadays, the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) positioning techniques based on the International GNSS Service (IGS) products are extensively used for various precise applications. However, specific conditions such as the dual-frequency observations and the final IGS products are required. Consequently, the absence of the final IGS data and using single-frequency observations will degrade these techniques' accuracy. In this paper, two algorithms through two separated stages are formulated for improving the single-frequency GNSS observations by using one GNSS receiver based on the broadcast ephemerides in real time or close to real time. The first algorithm represents the preparation stage for the second one. It classifies the observations by separating the optimal values of position dilution of precision (PDOP) and the number of satellites (NOS), as well as the corresponding values of coordinates. The second stage includes an algorithm based on the artificial neural network (ANN) approach, which is set at the ANN variables that produce the best precision through the applied tests at the present study. Binary numbers, log sigmoid-Purelin, cascade forward net, and one hidden layer with a size of 10 neurons are the optimal variables of ANN inputs format, transfer functions constellations, feedforward net type, and the number of hidden layers (NHL) and its size, respectively. The simulation results show that the designed algorithms produce a significant improvement in the horizontal and vertical components. Lastly, an evaluation stage is performed in the case of dual-frequency observations by using broadcast ephemerides. The simulation outputs indicate that the precision at applying the proposed integration is completely enhanced compared with the outputs of IGS final data.

3

Performance evaluation of precise point positioning using dual frequency multi-GNSS observations

Malik Jabir Shabbir

Artificial Satellites : Journal of Planetary Geodesy

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2020

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Vol. 55, No. 4

150--170

EN

In addition to GPS and GLONASS constellation, the number of (Global Navigation Satellite System) GNSS satellites are increasing, it is now possible to evaluate and analyze the position accuracy with multi GNSS constellation. In this paper, statistical assessment of static Precise Point Positioning (PPP) using GPS, GLONASS, dual system GPS/GLONASS, three system GPS/GLONASS/Galileo, GPS/GLONASS/BeiDou and multi system GPS/GLONASS/Galileo/BeiDou PPP combinations is evaluated. Observation data of seven whole days from seven IGS multi GNSS experiment (MGEX) stations is used for analysis. Position accuracy and convergence time is analyzed. Results show that the GPS/GLONASS positioning accuracy increases over GPS PPP. Standard deviations (STDs) of position errors for GPS PPP are 4.63, 3.00 and 6.96 cm in east, north and up components while STDs for GPS/GLONASS PPP are 4.10, 3.42 and 6.50 cm respectively. Root mean square for three dimension (RMS3D) for GPS/GLONASS PPP solution is 8.96 cm. With the addition of Galileo and BeiDou to the combined GPS/GLONASS further enhances the positioning accuracy. Root mean square for horizontal component reach to 5.35 cm of GPS/GLONASS/Galileo/BeiDou PPP solutions. Results analysis of GPS/GLONASS/Galileo PPP solutions show an improvement of convergence time by only 3.81% to achieve accuracy level of 3.0 cm over GPS/GLONASS/BeiDou PPP mode. Results also demonstrate that position accuracy improvement after adding BeiDou observations to the GPS/GLONASS PPP mode is not significant.

4

Performance analysis of static precise point positioning using open-source GAMP

Malik Jabir Shabbir

Artificial Satellites : Journal of Planetary Geodesy

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2020

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Vol. 55, No. 2

41--60

EN

In addition to Global Positioning System (GPS) constellation, the number of Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) satellites is increasing; it is now possible to evaluate and analyze the position accuracy with both the GPS and GLONASS constellation. In this article, statistical analysis of static precise point positioning (PPP) using GPS-only, GLONASS-only, and combined GPS/GLONASS modes is evaluated. Observational data of 10 whole days from 10 International GNSS Service (IGS) stations are used for analysis. Position accuracy in east, north, up components, and carrier phase/code residuals is analyzed. Multi-GNSS PPP open-source package is used for the PPP performance analysis. The analysis also provides the GNSS researchers the understanding of the observational data processing algorithm. Calculation statistics reveal that standard deviation (STD) of horizontal component is 3.83, 13.80, and 3.33 cm for GPS-only, GLONASS-only, and combined GPS/GLONASS PPP solutions, respectively. Combined GPS/GLONASS PPP achieves better positioning accuracy in horizontal and three-dimensional (3D) accuracy compared with GPSonly and GLONASS-only PPP solutions. The results of the calculation show that combined GPS/GLONASS PPP improves, on an average, horizontal accuracy by 12.11% and 60.33% and 3D positioning accuracy by 10.39% and 66.78% compared with GPS-only and GLONASS-only solutions, respectively. In addition, the results also demonstrate that GPSonly solutions show an improvement of 54.23% and 62.54% compared with GLONASS-only PPP mode in horizontal and 3D components, respectively. Moreover, residuals of GLONASS ionosphere-free code observations are larger than the GPS code residuals. However, phase residuals of GPS and GLONASS phase observations are of the same magnitude.

5

Wpływ precyzyjnych produktów IGS w pozycjonowaniu statku powietrznego w nawigacji lotniczej

Krasuski K.

Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka

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2018

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R. 22, nr 2

61--66

PL

W pracy przedstawiono rezultaty pozycjonowania statku powietrznego Cessna 172 w nawigacji lotniczej z użyciem techniki pomiarowej PPP. Eksperyment badawczy przeprowadzono z użyciem nieróżnicowych obserwacji GPS zarejestrowanych przez odbiornik pokładowy Topcon HiperPro. Pozycja samolotu Cessna 172 została odtworzona w programie gLAB. W artykule opisano pełny algorytm dla techniki pomiarowej PPP oraz przedstawiono konfigurację modułu PPP w programie gLAB. W obliczeniach wykorzystano precyzyjne produkty służby IGS, tzn. dane efemerydalne i zegary satelitów GPS. W obliczeniach uzyskano wartości błędów średnich wyznaczenia pozycji samolotu Cessna 172 na poziomie niższym niż 0,10 m.

EN

In paper, the results of aircraft positioning in air navigation based on Precise Point Positioning method were presented. The research test was realized using undifference GPS observations recorded by Topcon HiperPro onboard receiver. The position of Cessna 172 aircraft was recovery using gLAB software package. In paper, the full algorithm of PPP method was described and configuration of PPP module in gLAB software was presented. The precise products of IGS service, e. g. GPS ephemeris data and satellite clocks were applied in numerical computations in gLAB software. The obtained values of mean errors of position of Cessna 172 aircraft was lower than 0.10 m in computations mode.

6

Enhanced local ionosphere model for multi-constellations single frequency precise point positioning applications: Egyptian case study

El Manaily Emad, Rabbou Mahmoud Abd, El-Shazly Adel, Baraka Moustafa

Artificial Satellites : Journal of Planetary Geodesy

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2018

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Vol. 53, No. 4

141--157

EN

The positioning accuracy of single frequency precise point positioning (SFPPP) attributes mainly to the ionosphere error, which strongly affects GNSS signals. When GNSS signals pass through the various ionosphere layers, they will be bent and their speed will be changed due to dispersive nature of ionosphere. To correct the ionosphere error, it is common to use Klobuchar ionosphere model or Global Ionosphere Maps (GIM). However, Klobuchar can deal with only about 50% of the Ionosphere effect and global Ionosphere maps are often inadequate to describe detailed features of local ionosphere because of limited precision and resolution. In this paper, an enhanced local ionosphere model was developed relying on modeling of measurements from a dense Egyptian permanent tracking GNSS network in order to achieve high precision ionosphere delay correction. The performance of the developed enhanced Egyptian ionosphere model (EIM) was verified through multi-constellations SFPPP accuracy for static and kinematic modes. For static mode, 24 hours multi-constellations datasets collected at three selected stations, Alexandria, Cairo, and Aswan, in Egypt on February 27, 2017, to investigate the performance of the developed local ionospheric model in comparison with the Klobuchar, GIM and ionosphere free models. After session time of half an hour, the results show that the performance of static SFPPP based on the developed Egyptian ionospheric map (EIM) achieved a comparable accuracy WRT using ionosphere free model. While using EIM, achieved an improvements of (38%, 28%, and 42%) and (32%, 10%, and 37%) for accuracy of latitude, longitude, and altitude in comparison with using Klobuchar and GIM models, respectively For kinematic mode, datasets of 2 hours of observations with 1 second sampling rate were logged during vehicular test; the test was carried out on the ring road of the city of Cairo, Egypt, on September 16, 2017. After half an hour of kinematic SFPPP data-processing, the performance of using Egyptian ionospheric map (EIM) for ionosphere delay correction, achieved an improvements of three dimension coordinates of (83%, 47%, and 62%) and (57%, 65%, and 21%) with respect to using Klobuchar model and GIM model, respectively.

7

Wystawy BUGA – sposób na budowanie krajobrazu Polski

Kuc S.

Topiarius. Studia krajobrazowe

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2017

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T. 2

23--30

PL

Wystawy ogrodnicze BUGA w Niemczech, w tym ich międzynarodowe edycje IGS, ale także podobne imprezy regionalne LAGA są przedsięwzięciami, które tworzą wizerunek współczesnych europejskich trendów w kształtowaniu krajobrazu. Prowadzą one działalność wielokierunkową, u której podstaw leży kształtowanie wizji współczesnego krajobrazu polegające na budowaniu świadomości krajobrazowej, wzorców edukacji i fizycznym tworzeniu nowych elementów i kompozycji krajobrazowych. Przeniesienie doświadczeń wystaw ogrodniczych BUGA na grunt polski pozwoliłoby na budowanie polskiego krajobrazu według najnowszych standardów.

EN

BUGA – Federal Garden Show, IGS – International Garden Show and LAGA – Regional Garden Show in Germany are projects which create the image of contemporary European trends in shaping landscape. They conduct multi-directorial activity that consists in building landscape awareness, a model of education and the real creation of new landscape elements and compositions. Shaping the vision of contemporary landscape underlies this activity. Transplanting BUGA experience into the Polish soil would allow for building the Polish landscape according to the latest standards.

8

Establishment of Karadeniz Technical University Permanent GNSS Station as Reactivated of TRAB IGS Station

Kazanci S. Z., Kayikci E. T.

Geodesy and Cartography

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2017

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Vol. 66, no. 2

253--258

EN

In recent years, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) have gained great importance in terms of the benefi ts it provides such as precise geodetic point positioning, determining crustal deformations, navigation, vehicle monitoring systems and meteorological applications etc. As in Turkey, for this purpose, each country has set up its own GNSS station networks like Turkish National Permanent RTK Network analyzed precise station coordinates and velocities together with the International GNSS Service, Turkish National Fundamental GPS Network and Turkish National Permanent GNSS Network (TNPGN) stations not only are utilized as precise positioning but also GNSS meteorology studies so total number of stations are increased. This work is related to the reactivated of the TRAB IGS station which was established in Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Geomatics Engineering. Within the COST ES1206 Action (GNSS4SWEC) KTU analysis center was established and Trop-NET system developed by Geodetic Observatory Pecny (GOP, RIGTC) in order to troposphere monitoring. The project titled “Using Regional GNSS Networks to Strengthen Severe Weather Prediction” was accepted to the scientifi c and technological research council of Turkey (TUBITAK). With this project, we will design 2 new constructed GNSS reference station network. Using observation data of network, we will compare water vapor distribution derived by GNSS Meteorology and GNSS Tomography. At this time, KTU AC was accepted as E-GVAP Analysis Centre in December 2016. KTU reference station is aimed to be a member of the EUREF network with these studies.

9

Application of the undifferenced GNSS precise positioning in determining coordinates in national reference frames

Krzan Grzegorz, Stępniak Katarzyna

Artificial Satellites : Journal of Planetary Geodesy

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2017

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Vol. 52, No. 3

49--69

EN

In high-accuracy positioning using GNSS, the most common solution is still relative positioning using double-difference observations of dual-frequency measurements. An increasingly popular alternative to relative positioning are undifferenced approaches, which are designed to make full use of modern satellite systems and signals. Positions referenced to global International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF2008) obtained from Precise Point Positioning (PPP) or Undifferenced (UD) network solutions have to be transformed to national (regional) reference frame, which introduces additional bases related to the transformation process. In this paper, satellite observations from two test networks using different observation time series were processed. The first test concerns the positioning accuracy from processing one year of dual-frequency GPS observations from 14 EUREF Permanent Network (EPN) stations using NAPEOS 3.3.1 software. The results were transformed into a national reference frame (PL-ETRF2000) and compared to positions from an EPN cumulative solution, which was adopted as the true coordinates. Daily observations were processed using PPP and UD multi-station solutions to determine the final accuracy resulting from satellite positioning, the transformation to national coordinate systems and Eurasian intraplate plate velocities. The second numerical test involved similar processing strategies of post-processing carried out using different observation time series (30 min., 1 hour, 2 hours, daily) and different classes of GNSS receivers. The centimeter accuracy of results presented in the national coordinate system satisfies the requirements of many surveying and engineering applications.

10

Application of IGS Products for Air Navigation

Jafernik H., Ćwiklak J., Krasuski K., Kozubal J.

Annual of Navigation

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2017

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No. 24

285--300

EN

Single Point Positioning (SPP) method is widely used in air, marine, and land navigation to determine the user’s position in real time and post factum. A typical accuracy for this method of determining the user’s position in the static mode is approximately 10 meters. In air operations, the SPP method accuracy can be several times lower and that may cause problems with precise positioning of an aircraft. The authors of this article presented preliminary results of research concerning aircraft positioning in the kinematic mode based on GPS observations. For this purpose, an in-flight experiment, in which a Cessna 172 aircraft was used, was performed at the airport in Mielec, Poland. The aircraft was equipped with a dual-frequency Topcon TPS HiperPro receiver, which was recording satellite observations with 1-second interval. The aircraft position was determined using the least-squares method (LSM) in the RTKLIB (RTKPOST module) software. Two research tests were performed within the scope of the experiment, i.e. in test I the aircraft position was determined on the basis of raw GPS observations and the broadcast ephemeris data whereas in test II precision products of the IGS were used, such as: precise ephemeris SP3, DCB hardware delay, clock bias data of GPS satellites and receivers in the CLK format, data of the ionosphere maps based on IONEX format, and phase center calibration of GPS satellites and receivers in the ANTEX format. The use of the IGS precision products improved the accuracy of the X coordinate to 1 m, Y to 0.7 m and Z to 1.3 m. On the basis of tests I and II, an additional RMS-3D parameter was determined, whose mean value was 4 m.

PL

Metoda pozycjonowania w czasie rzeczywistym, nazywana Single Point Positioning, jest powszechnie stosowana w nawigacji lotniczej, morskiej, a także lądowej do określania pozycji użytkownika w czasie rzeczywistym, niekiedy również post-processing. Zwykle dokładność metody w przypadku użytkownika, który nie przemieszcza się, oceniana jest na około 10 metrów. W operacjach lotniczych jej dokładność bywa wielokrotnie niższa, co często stwarza problemy. Autorzy artykułu przedstawiają wstępne wyniki badań odnośnie dokładności pozycjonowania samolotu w wariancie dynamicznym z wykorzystaniem systemu GPS. W tym celu na lotnisku Mielec przeprowadzono eksperyment w locie z użyciem samolotu Cessna 172, który wyposażono w dwuczęstotliwościowy odbiornik Topcon TPS HiperPro rejestrujący obserwacje co sekundę. Jako pozycje referencyjne przyjęto pozycje obliczane metodą najmniejszych kwadratów programem RTKLIB (moduł RTKPOST). W ramach opisywanego eksperymentu przeprowadzono dwa testy - w pierwszym określano pozycje z użyciem surowych pomiarów GPS oraz efemeryd pokładowych, w drugim użyto efemeryd oferowanych przez IGS. Były to takie dane, jak efemerydy precyzyjne SP3, poprawki zegarów satelitów w formacie CLK, mapy jonosfery w formacie IONEX oraz dane odnośnie centrum fazowego anten w formacie ANTEX. Użycie produktów oferowanych przez IGS znacząco poprawiło dokładność wyznaczeń, przy czym współrzędna X została wyznaczona z dokładnością 1 m, współrzędna Y - 0,7 m, natomiast Z - 1,3 m. Dodatkowo wyznaczono średni błąd pozycji w przestrzeni 3D, którego wartość wyniosła około 4 m.

11

Accuracy assessment study of UNB3M neutral atmosphere model for global tropospheric delay mitigation

Farah A.

Artificial Satellites : Journal of Planetary Geodesy

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2015

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Vol. 50, No. 4

201--215

EN

Tropospheric delay is the second major source of error after the ionospheric delay for satellite navigation systems. The transmitted signal could face a delay caused by the troposphere of over 2m at zenith and 20m at lower satellite elevation angles of 10 degrees and below. Positioning errors of 10m or greater can result from the inaccurate mitigation of the tropospheric delay. Many techniques are available for tropospheric delay mitigation consisting of surface meteorological models and global empirical models. Surface meteorological models need surface meteorological data to give high accuracy mitigation while the global empirical models need not. Several hybrid neutral atmosphere delay models have been developed by (University of New Brunswick, Canada) UNB researchers over the past decade or so. The most widely applicable current version is UNB3m, which uses the Saastamoinen zenith delays, Niell mapping functions, and a look-up table with annual mean and amplitude for temperature, pressure, and water vapour pressure varying with respect to latitude and height. This paper presents an assessment study of the behaviour of the UNB3m model compared with highly accurate IGS-tropospheric estimation for three different (latitude/height) IGS stations. The study was performed over four nonconsecutive weeks on different seasons over one year (October 2014 to July 2015). It can be concluded that using UNB3m model gives tropospheric delay correction accuracy of 0.050m in average for low latitude regions in all seasons. The model's accuracy is about 0.075m for medium latitude regions, while its highest accuracy is about 0.014m for high latitude regions.

12

IGS w Hamburgu – bogate źródło inspiracji

Komorowska A.

Zieleń Miejska

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2013

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Nr 7-8

18--20

PL

Międzynarodowa Wystawa Ogrodów (Internationale Gartenschau IGS) to największe w Europie wydarzenie poświęcone architekturze krajobrazu, projektowaniu ogrodów i uprawie roślin. Hamburska wystawa rozpoczęła się 26. kwietnia i potrwa do października br. Największe wrażenie na odwiedzających może zrobić w okresie letnim.

13

IGS do zabawy

Komorowska A.

Zieleń Miejska

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2013

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Nr 9

16--17

PL

Place zabaw zawsze towarzyszą niemieckim festiwalom ogrodów, zarówno tym lokalnym (LGS), ogólnoniemieckim (BUGA), jak i edycjom międzynarodowym (IGA lub IGS). Nie mogło ich również zabraknąć na IGS w Hamburgu. Tegoroczny festiwal jest pod tym kątem najciekawszy i najpełniej wykorzystuje potencjał tego wydarzenia do tworzenia nieszablonowych, nowatorskich placów zabaw.

14

Testing the number of IGS stations required for accurate alignment of the Thai GPS network and ITRF2005 using the GIPSY software

Satirapod C., Payakleard P., Simons W. J. F., Kriengkraiwasin S.

Artificial Satellites : Journal of Planetary Geodesy

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2013

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Vol. 48, No. 1

1--13

EN

Since its introduction in 1990s, the GPS Precise Point Positioning (PPP) technique has been widely used for many high precision positioning applications such as the study of tectonic plate motion, establishment of national and regional reference frames and so on. Among the GPS PPP software packages, the GIPSY-OASIS II software package is the one of the most popular software package used by many research institutes worldwide. The processing of GPS data with the GIPSY-OASIS II software requires three main steps. The first step is to compute a daily GPS solution for each station and the second step is to combine daily GPS solutions into a multi-day averaged solution. The final step is to transform these multi-day averaged solutions into the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) coordinate solution and this step generally requires the use of available International GNSS service (IGS) stations to compute the required transformation parameters. In order to obtain high precision ITRF coordinate solutions, an investigation on a selection of IGS stations used for aligning the multi-day averaged solution into ITRF is therefore needed. This study aims to investigate the effect of number of IGS stations used for aligning the multi-day averaged solutions into the final ITRF coordinate solution in Thai region. Data from two different GPS campaigns (with epochs before and after the 2004 SumatraAndaman earthquake) measured by the Royal Thai Survey Department (RTSD) were used in this investigation. By varying the number of IGS station used in the alignment step, results indicate that the use of at least 16 IGS stations in the alignment process can produce reliable and accurate ITRF solutions especially those impacted by the large earthquake.

15

Stacja referencyjna w Hornsundzie (Spitsbergen) : wybór lokalizacji, perspektywy rozbudowy i wykorzystanie

Węzka K., Paśnikowski M., Walo J.

Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej

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2010

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Vol. 59, nr 2

179-195

PL

Głównym celem projektu realizowanego podczas wyprawy na Spitsbergen w 2008 roku była analiza funkcjonowania stacji referencyjnej w Hornsundzie, w celu wyboru jej odpowiedniej lokalizacji. W 2005 roku podczas wyprawy studentów i pracowników Wydziału Geodezji i Kartografii na Spitsbergen w fiordzie Hornsund została uruchomiona stacja referencyjna. Analiza obserwacji zgromadzonych na stacji w pierwszym okresie jej pracy wykazała znaczny efekt wielodrożności sygnału. Efekt ten okazał się na tyle duży, że zdecydowano o przeniesieniu anteny w inne miejsce. Jednak z uwagi na trwającą rozbudowę bazy, zmianę lokalizacji anteny zaplanowano dopiero po skończeniu prac remontowo-budowlanych. Podczas wyprawy w 2008 roku wybrano zatem docelową lokalizację spełniającą warunki prawidłowego ustawienia anteny stacji referencyjnej. Wykonano także serię dwunastu dobowych obserwacji testowych, które pozwoliły na wstępne wyznaczenie pozycji stacji oraz analizę jakości sygnałów GNSS. Praca prezentuje analizę porównawczą obserwacji zgromadzonych w starej i nowej lokalizacji anteny oraz zawiera opis otoczenia i jego wpływ na błędy wielodrożności sygnału. Autorzy przedstawiają ponadto przykład wykorzystania stacji referencyjnej w Hornsundzie oraz planowaną koncepcję rozbudowy systemu stacji referencyjnych dookoła Spitsbergenu.

EN

Determination of a new proper location of the reference station based upon the analysis of the existing point was the main aim of the project which was conducted during the expedition to Spitsbergen in 2008. The existing reference station in the Hornsud Fjord was activated during the expedition in 2005 by the students and research workers of the Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography. The analysis of the observation gathered during the first period of the station's activity demonstrated significant multipath effect, which appearance occurred high enough to force the change of the location of the reference station. Because of the modernization of the polar station where the reference point is located, the determination of the new location of the antenna had to start after finishing the building works. Therefore during the expedition in 2008, the final location of the reference station, where conditions comply with the requirements, was chosen. Additionally, a series of twelve 24-hour long measurements were conducted, which allowed to determine the position of the new station and to analyze the quality of the GPS signal. This paper presents the comparative analysis of the observation collected in two locations of the station. It also contains the description of the surrounding environment and its influence on the multipath effect. Furthermore, the authors present the possibilities of usage of the reference station in Hornsud and deliver the concept of developing a system of the reference points around Spitsbergen.