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1

An Empirical Survey on the Role of Human Error in Marine Incidents

Mokhtari A., Khodadadi H. R.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2013

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Vol. 7, no. 3

363--367

EN

Error is a part of human. Despite that organizations are trying to reduce error to the zero level, this goal is unachievable. As far as human operation is taking place in a complicated environment, error will occurred, and its possibility would be increased under the conditions of stress, extra loading work, and fatigue. One of the most important transportation modes is marine transportations. The sea is an unsafe place that kills many by a simple event. Every year there are thousands of marine accidents that result in injuries, casualties, marine pollutions and also massive financial loss. To reduce the accidents, there should be more attention to the factors such as suitable training of human resource, proper implementation of national and international laws and regulations, vessels and the equipment on board them, port facilities, and also the utilities for marine search and rescue. In this research 1816 marine accidents have been studied in five Iranian shipping companies. 17 factors are known to be effective in occurrence of human error in these accidents. Four factors of the most influence are negligence, poor training, inadequate tools, and lack of skill and experience.

2

Finite Discrete Markov Model of Ship Safety

Smolarek L.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2010

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Vol. 4, no. 2

223--226

EN

The ship safety modeling is the process used to convert information from many sources about the ship as an antropotechnical system into a form so that it can be analyzed effectively. The first step is to fix the system (ship, human, environment) boundaries to clearly identify the scope of the analysis. The ship can be generally defined by conceptual sketches, schematics drawings or flow diagrams to establish the element hierarchy which evolves from the physical and functional relationships. The man could be generally defined by the operational procedures. The environment could be generally defined by the mission place and time of the year. The information is needed considering that the accidents are caused by factors associated with ship (failure, design defect), man (human error, workload), and environment. Safety is a system property that we intuitively relate to a system’s design, accident rates and risk. This work proposes finite discrete Markov model as an example of systematic approach to the analysis of ship safety.

3

Human Errors and Oil Pollution from Tankers

Arsenie P., Hanzu-Pazara R.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2008

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Vol. 2, no. 4

409--413

EN

The economical development of the world is based on transportation system. More than half of the products transported all over the world are carried by sea. Sea transportation is made with different kind of ships, as bulk carriers, cargo vessels, container ships, tankers. Ships are managed by people. In group or as individual, anybody can make errors. In maritime area these errors have as results accidents and disasters. Many of these events affect especially the environment. As 80% of necessary petroleum products are transported by sea, the risk of a major environment disaster caused by human errors is high. Anyway, over 99% of petroleum cargo transported by sea is carried without incidents. This paper presents the effects of human errors, mostly cases that involved tankers, which were produced in the navigation and operational processes.

4

What is Human Factors Compared to Crew Resource Management?

Fahlgren A.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2007

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Vol. 1, no. 1

109--112

EN

The expression Human Factors can be interpreted in two different ways. Firstly: Human Factors is theoretical knowledge based on psychology and CRM is the practical use of that knowledge. Secondly: Human Factors is a concept, which we all too often hear is to blame for an incident or accident. What we actually should say is Human Failure this is where a person is to blame, instead of using the impersonal expression Human Factors. Maybe I am a bit provocative when I state that Human Factors do not cause accidents. It is Human Failure that causes accidents not Human Factors. I regard our Human Factors as a fantastic construction and design contributing to a greater quality of life that makes our lives on Earth both safer and more positive. Thanks to the appreciation and understanding of Human Factors, the fatal accident rate within Commercial Airlines has been reduced by 97% during the last 30 years. As I see it, when our Human Factors stop functioning, accidents can occur. In other words, a Human Factors breakdown will result in Human Failure. This indicates that the most important thing to learn and be aware of is all the external factors that will have a profound and negative influence on our Human Factors. So let me suggest that the following factors are directly detrimental to our Human Factors. Stress; Fatigue; Illness; Insufficient Training; Drugs; Hunger & Thirst; Lack of oxygen (at high altitude) and an Unsuitable or Bad Attitudes.