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Middle Devonian Skały Formation in the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland) : formal description and subdivision based on new field data

Racki Grzegorz, Wójcik Krystian, Halamski Adam T., Narkiewicz Marek

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2022

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Vol. 92, No. 4

425--444

EN

The well-known fossiliferous and lithologically variable clay-carbonate series in the Łysogóry Region (northern part of the Holy Cross Mts, central Poland), enclosed between the Middle Devonian Amphipora dolomites and limestones (Kowala Formation) and siliciclastics (Świętomarz Beds), is defined formally as the Shaly-Calcareous Skały Formation. This Upper Eifelian to Middle Givetian, ca. 250–280 m thick unit, consists of marly and clay shales, interbedded many times with various limestone types (including encrinite and biohermal varieties), as well as with marls and siltstones. Its diagnostic feature is the presence of variable skeletal accumulations, formed by exceptionally numerous, well-preserved and diverse macrofauna (including brachiopods, corals, crinoids, bryozoans), described since the 19th century. The stratotype is located in the eastern slope of the Dobruchna stream near the Skały village and belongs to the Silurian to Upper Devonian Grzegorzowice-Skały section. Compared to the previously used term, Skały Beds sensu Pajchlowa (1957), the lower boundary is redefined, owing to a new exposure in the active Skała Quarry, and placed higher, at the base of the famous brachiopod shales (set XIV of Pajchlowa), instead of the formerly accepted lower boundary at the base of set XIII. Set XIV is formally distinguished as the Dobruchna Brachiopod Shale Member. The higher part of the Skały Fm (sets XV–XXVA) is not subdivided further, as the poorly exposed succession, including in particular the type area, precludes a more accurate recognition of lithological variability. The upper boundary of the Skały Fm is placed at the top of set XXV sensu Pajchlowa (1957), corresponding to the boundary between subsets XXVA and XXVB sensu Malec and Turnau (1997). A hypostratotype of the upper boundary is selected in the outcrop M0 at Miłoszów, 2.5 km westwards from the type section, allowing recognition of the diachroneity of lithological change defining the transition from the Skały Fm to Świętomarz Beds. A borehole situated in a key location would be an obvious next step in the further elucidation of the stratigraphic sequence of the Łysogóry Region.

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Cyclic ecological replacement of brachiopod assemblages in the top-Eifelian Dobruchna Brachiopod Shale Member (Skały Formation) of the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland)

Woźniak Paweł, Halamski Adam T., Racki Grzegorz

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2022

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Vol. 92, No. 4

445--463

EN

The palaeoecology of fossiliferous shales, belonging to the upper part of the Dobruchna Brachiopod Shale Member (= set XIV) of the Skały Formation (northern Holy Cross Mountains), was studied quantitatively in a succession in the transient (1989) trench A, 5.6 m thick, near the village of Skały. The top-Eifelian strata, recording the carbonate crisis during the global Kačák Bioevent, are well known for having a particularly diverse brachiopod fauna. The four brachiopod assemblages, recognised herein, were mainly controlled by the evolving bottom-sediment properties of the outer carbonate ramp basin. Soft, unstable substrates were inhabited by the poorly-diversified Poloniproductus assemblage, associated with a distinctive, ‘incumbent’ set of largely semi-infaunal, generalist species. The pioneer community, as a result of progressive consolidation of bioclast-enriched sediment, evolved toward a more diverse biota. This consequent stabilisation of the substrate resulted in the progressive growth of crinoid thickets or bryozoan-dominated biostromes and patches, associated with rich, subordinate, sessile and vagile benthos. In this stage, diverse brachiopod assemblages were dominated by the pedunculate, eurytopic, ribbed spiriferide Eleutherokomma or specialized orthides (Aulacella, Costisorthis) in the Dobruchna Mbr, and by the expansive, large, free-lying orthotetide Xystostrophia in the overlying set XV of the Skały Fm The cyclic ecological replacement, with the characters of ecological succession in the final phase, was evidently stimulated by an irregular transition from soupy muds to a mosaic of bioclast-rich and firmer, biogenic sediments, within the cyclic pattern of distal tempestite sedimentation. The three episodes of variously reduced deposition rate, recorded in the more diverse benthos, culminated in the pioneer bryozoan/coral reef growth and abundance of epibionts, alternating with times of destructive storm activity and deposition from suspension clouds in the muddy habitats.

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Xenotime from the Podwiśniówka mine pit, Holy Cross Mountains (South-Central Poland)

Migaszewski Z. M., Gałuszka A.

Mineralogia

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2010

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Vol. 41, iss. 1/2

3--9

EN

This report presents the results of petrographical and mineralogical (optical microscopy, SEM/EDS) study of xenotime derived from the Upper (Middle?) Cambrian rocks (Wiśniówka Sandstone Fm.) of the abandoned Podwiśniówka mine pit. This is the first work on this mineral from the Holy Cross Mts. The authigenic xenotime occurs primarily as overgrowths around/on zircon in siliciclastic rocks. Moreover, this mineral is characterized by the large size of the overgrowths reaching 50 μm long and 20 μm wide. The presence of pyritecoated zircon/xenotime aggregates indicates that the xenotime formed prior to hydrothermal quartz-pyrite mineralization. The apparent lack of xenotime and vein pyrite in the tuff-bearing series, compared to the other two series displaying hydrothermal signature (pyrite, hematite, nacrite, jarosite), as well as considerable variations of the xenotime overgrowths in size and morphology, and their dominant irregular patchy-zonal microtexture may provide evidence for direct precipitation of this mineral from hydrothermal fluids.

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Gorceixite from the upper cambrian rocks of the Podwiśniówka Mine Pit, Holy Cross Mountains (South-Central Poland)

Migaszewski Zdzisław M., Starnawska Ewa, Gałuszka Agnieszka

Mineralogia

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2007

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Vol. 38, iss. 2

171--184

EN

This report presents the results of a petrographical, mineralogical (SEM/EDS, XRD) and geochemical (XRF, CV-AAS, ICP-MS) study of gorceixite (barium aluminophosphate) from the abandoned Podwiśniówka mine pit. This site is highlighted by the presence of highly acidic pit pond whose chemistry is strongly affected by the exposed pyrite-bearing zone. The gorceixite occurs in the Upper Cambrian carbonaceous clayey shales, quartzites and tuffs in form of minute accumulations varying from about 0.5 to 100 μm in diameter. These accumulations infill voids, cavities, cracks and partly fissures in the rocks examined. The other minerals of the crandallite series, i.e. florencite and goyazite, can be found only in trace amounts. The gorceixite-bearing rocks, especially carbonaceous clayey shales, are characterized by the highest concentrations of REE reaching 455.09 mg·kg-1. In addition, these rocks are distinctly enriched in light rare earth elements (LREE), with the La/Yb ratio ranging from 24.44 through 36.30. Some of the examined gorceixite accumulations are paragenetically linked to the veined pyrite and nacrite. The latter mineral is indicative of crystallization temperatures of about 200 to 300°C. The coexistence of gorceixite with the veined nacrite or pyrite mineralization and the volcaniclastic rocks, as well as the microtextural features and high concentrations of REE in the gorceixite-bearing parent rocks suggest that this mineral formed as a result of both hydrothermal and volcanic activity in a shallow-marine basin during the late Cambrian.

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Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia wyniki badań petrograficznych, mineralogicznych (SEM/EDS, XRD) i geochemicznych (XRF, AAS, ICP-MS) gorceixytu BaAl3H[(OH)6(PO4)2] z nieczynnego kamieniołomu Podwiśniówka. Wyrobisko to częściowo wypełnia zbiornik wodny o bardzo niskim pH, którego chemizm pozostaje pod silnym wpływem odsłoniętej strefy mineralizacji pirytowej. Gorceixyt występuje w górnokambryjskich łupkach ilastych, kwarcytach i tufach w postaci drobnych skupień o średnicy od około 0,5 do 100 m. Wypełniają one pory, próżnie, spękania i częściowo szczeliny w skałach. Pozostałe minerały z grupy crandallitu (florencyt i goyazyt) występują w ilościach śladowych. Skały wzbogacone w gorceixyt, a w szczególności węgliste łupki ilaste, wyróżniają się najwyższą zawartością pierwiastków ziem rzadkich, dochodzącą do 455,09 mgkg–1. W porównaniu z podobnymi stanowiskami na świecie, skały zawierające gorceixyt z kamieniołomu Podwiśniówka są wyraźnie bogatsze w lżejsze pierwiastki ziem rzadkich, wykazując stosunek La/Yb w zakresie od 24,44 do 36,30. Gorceixyt występuje miejscami w postaci paragenetycznych skupień z żyłowym pirytem i nakrytem. Ostatni z wymienionych minerałów jest wskaźnikiem średnich i wysokich temperatur krystalizacji. Współwystępowanie z nakrytem i pirytem, cechy mikroteksturalne oraz wysokie zawartości pierwiastków ziem rzadkich świadczą o genezie gorceixytu i pozostałych minerałów z grupy crandallitu z Podwiśniówki. Powstały one przypuszczalnie w wyniku działalności hydrotermalnej w płytkim basenie morskim w późnym kambrze. Należy jednak podkreślić, że działalność roztworów hydrotermalnych mogła zamaskować inne możliwości pochodzenia Al, Ba, P i pierwiastków ziem rzadkich. W szczególności pierwiastki te mogą być związane z działalnością wulkaniczną, której przejawy w postaci wkładek tufów i bentonitów występują w najstarszej serii skalnej odsłaniającej się w kamieniołomie.