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Concerning chronology of the Hamburgian Culture

Burdukiewicz J. M.

Folia Quaternaria

1999

nr 70

127-146

The oldest recolonisation of Northern Europe after the last glaciation, represented by Hamburgian culture is dated by archaeological, palynological, geological and radiocarbon methods. The results of over 60 years-research on chronological determination of the Hamburgian culture are rather pessimistic. Archaeological materials for good 14C determination are still very rare or they are weakly associated with settlement units. Some "wiggles" in 14C determinations observed in the Netherlands between 12-10.7 Kyr BP rather exclude good dating of the youngest Hamburgian sites. Recent research of fluctuation of atmospheric Delta14C observed from 12.6 to 12.1 Kyr BP supports explanation of the limits of radiocarbon age determination. Variable Late Glacial palynological and geological profiles as well as contradictions with Greenland ice core chronology expressed with accuracy up to =/-200 years, and observed decrease in Delta14C of Late Glacial make it difficult to reconstruct in detail temporal determination of environmental and cultural changes. The most possible Hamburgian culture existed during the Bolling interstadial (about 12-13 Kyr BP according to conventional 14C age determination or about 13,5-15 Kyr BP according to calibrated chronology). The Late Glacial context of Northern Europe suggests that the Hamburgian appeared 13.2 Kyr BP and existed up to 11.6 Kyr BP in 14C conventional years. Short existence of the Hamburgian and dispersed 14C datings exclude recently well-established chronology and temporal subdivision. The suggested division of the Hamburgian into "classic" shouldered point group and Havelte tanged point group still needs better evidence.