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Quality evaluation of commercial products of Ganoderma lucidum made from its fruiting body and spore

Yeung Steven, Chen Quanlan, Yu Yongbang, Zhou Bingsen, Wu Wei, Li Xia, Huang Ying, Wang Zhijun

Acta Chromatographica

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2022

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Vol. 34, no. 1

100--113

EN

Ganoderma lucidum (GL), also known as Reishi or Lingzhi, is a medicinal mushroom widely used in traditional and folk medicines. The extracts made from the fruiting body and spore of naturally grown GL are the most frequently used in commercial products. More than 400 compounds have been identified in GL with the triterpenoids considered to be the major active components. Large variations in the chemical components were reported in previous studies and there is no comprehensive study of the content of multiple major triterpenoids in the GL product. In addition, there is no report in the comparison of chemical profiles in different parts of GL (i.e., fruiting body and spore). Determining the chemical composition and comparing the differences between fruiting body and spore are essential for the identity, efficacy and safety of various GL products. In this study, 13 compounds (ganoderenic Acid C, ganoderic Acid C2, ganoderic Acid G, ganoderic Acid B, ganoderenic Acid B, ganoderic Acid A, ganoderic Acid H, ganoderenic Acid D, ganoderic Acid D, ganoderic Acid F, ganoderic Acid DM, ganoderol A, and ergosterol) were selected as the chemical markers. The purpose of this study is to develop an HPLC-DAD fingerprint method for quantification of these active components in GL (spore and fruiting body) and test the feasibility of using the HPLC-DAD fingerprint for quality control or identity determination of GL products. The results showed that this method could determine the levels of the major components accurately and precisely. Among the 13 components, 11 ganoderma acids were identified to be proper chemical markers for quality control of GL products, while ganoderal A was in a very low amount and ergosterol was not a specific marker in GL. The extracts of fruiting body contained more chemical compounds than those of spore, indicating that these 11 compounds could be a better chemical marker for the fruiting body than the spore. The HPLC chemical fingerprint analysis showed higher variability in the quality of GL harvest in different years, while lesser variation in batches harvested in the same year. In conclusion, an HPLC assay detecting 11 major active components and a fingerprinting method was successfully established and validated to be feasible for quality control of most commercial GL products.

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Methodology to develop liquid chromatographic fingerprints for the quality control of herbal medicines

Dejaegher B, Alaerts G, Matthijs N

Acta Chromatographica

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2010

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Vol. 22, no. 2

237--258

EN

A liquid chromatographic fingerprinting methodology has been established for identification and quality control of traditional herbal medicines. The methodology was developed from four case studies. Samples of Herba Artemisia annua, Herba Artemisia scoparia, Rhizoma Ligusticum chuanxiong (also called Rhizoma chuanxiong ), and Rhizoma Ligusticum jeholense (also called Rhizoma ligustici ) were investigated. In each case study, sample preparation and chromatographic conditions (column, organic modifier, column temperature, detection wavelength, and mechanism) were varied to obtain good fingerprints, i.e. with the maximum number of peaks. Further optimization was then performed either by reducing the analysis time or increasing efficiency. The case studies led to the development of a general methodology consisting of sample preparation and HPLC fingerprint development. The fingerprints obtained with the developed methodology were then successfully used to distinguish between the two Artemisia species and between the two Ligusticum species. The methodology also was used to obtain fingerprints for a large number of different Vietnamese Mallotus species, and for Citri reticulatae pericarpium samples collected in different regions of China.

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Development and validation of fingerprints of Turnera diffusa extracts obtained by use of high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection and chemometric methods

Garza-Juárez A, Waksman de Torres N., Salazar Cavazos M. L., Durón R. R.

Acta Chromatographica

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2009

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Vol. 21, no. 2

217--235

EN

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) has been developed and validated to establish the fingerprint of Turnera diffusa . Hydroalcoholic extracts were obtained from 19 raw herbal samples collected in different regions of México. Separation was performed on a 150 mm × 3.9 mm (4-μm particle) C 18 column, using a gradient of methanol and 0.1% aqueous trifluoroacetic acid as the mobile phase. Chromatograms were recorded at 254 nm. To identify each peak, both retention time and peak spectrum were used. Intraday and interday relative standard deviations were <3% for retention time and <12% for relative areas. Extracts were stable in solution for up to 60 days. Results from a robustness study showed that the amount of ethanol in the mobile phase had a substantial effect on retention time. The relative areas of 12 peaks common to the chromatograms obtained from 19 authenticated T. diffusa samples were chosen to construct a principal-components analysis (PCA) model. The soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) method based on the PCA model was used to evaluate the quality of eleven commercial products.

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Comparative analysis of the chromatographic fingerprints of twenty different sage ( Salvia L.) species

Daszykowski M., Sajewicz M., Rzepa J., Hajnos M., Staszek D, Wojtal Ł., Kowalska T., Waksmundzka-Hajnos M., Walczak B.

Acta Chromatographica

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2009

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Vol. 21, no. 4

513--530

EN

Comparative analysis of twenty different sage ( Salvia L.) species grown in Poland has been performed on the basis of two types of chromatographic fingerprints. For efficient preprocessing and comparison of these fingerprints, chemometric methods were used. The main emphasis was on preprocessing of herbal fingerprints and selecting a suitable preprocessing strategy for exploring differences among them. After successful preprocessing of the fingerprints, principal component analysis was used to reveal chemical differences among the samples. An outcome of the comparative analysis was to pinpoint specific regions of the fingerprints indicative of differences among the samples. In fingerprints of the volatile fraction from the sage ( Salvia L.) species, obtained from head-space gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, important regions were identified and associated with the presence of camphene, limonene, and eucalyptol in these samples.