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1

Submarine groundwater discharge into a semi-enclosed coastal bay of the southern Baltic Sea: A multi-method approach

Von Ahn Cátia Milene Ehlert, Dellwig Olaf, Szymczycha Beata, Kotwicki Lech, Rooze Jurjen, Endler Rudolf, Escher Peter, Schmiedinger Iris, Sültenfuß Jürgen, Diak Magdalena, Gehre Matthias, Struck Ulrich, Vogler Susan, Böttcher Michael Ernst

Oceanologia

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2024

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Vol. 66 (1)

111-138

EN

The present study aims to understand the impact of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) on a coastal area with different lithology and degrees of SGD. Sampling campaigns took place in Puck Bay and the Gulf of Gdańsk, southern Baltic Sea encompassing years between 2009 and 2021. The methodological approach combined geophysical characterization of the surface sediments with detailed spatial and temporal (isotope) biogeochemical investigations of pore and surface waters, and was supported by nearshore groundwater and river surveys. Acoustic investigations identified areas of disturbance that may indicate zones of preferential SGD release. The composition of porewater and the differences in the bay's surface waters disclosed SGD as common phenomenon in the study area. Regional SGD was estimated through a radium mass balance. Local estimation of SGD, based on porewater profiles, revealed highest SGD fluxes at the sandy shoreline, but relatively low elemental fluxes. Though SGD was low at the muddy sites corresponding elemental fluxes of nutrients and dissolved carbon exceeded those determined at the sandy sites due to intense diagenesis in the top sediments. SGD appears to be sourced from different freshwater endmembers; however, diagenesis in surface sediments substantially modified the composition of the mixed solutions that are finally discharged to coastal waters. Overall, this study provides a better understanding of the SGD dynamics in the region by a multi-approach and emphasizes the need to understand the processes occurring at the sediment-water interface when estimating SGD.

2

Distribution of Phenol Derivatives by River Waters to the Marine Environment (Gulf of Gdansk, Baltic Sea)

Nehring Iga, Staniszewska Marta, Bodziach Karina

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2023

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Vol. 52, No. 1

90--101

EN

The aim of this study from 2020 was to identify the role of rivers, including those with low water flow and a constant inflow of bisphenol A (BPA), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP) and 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) to the marine environment. Water samples were collected from the small rivers flowing into the Gulf of Gdańsk and from the Vistula River. Final assays were performed using high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FL). The highest concentrations of phenol derivatives were found in summer, most likely due to higher consumption of products containing phenol derivatives. Another factor may be the type of development in the catchment area. The measurements did not exceed the PNEC, though this does not mean that the amounts of phenol derivatives introduced into the Gulf of Gdańsk by rivers can be ignored. Mean loads of xenobiotics introduced to the sea via rivers have been calculated as over 320 kg y−1 of BPA and about 55 kg y−1 of 4-t-OP and 4-NP each.

3

Biodiversity of the benthic diatom flora in the coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdańsk: a case study of the Gdynia–Sopot transect

Hetko Dominika, Witak Małgorzata, Oliwa Sandra

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2022

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Vol. 51, No. 2

224-238

EN

The objective of this study is to determine microhabitat preferences of benthic species occurring in epilithic (living on stones), epipsammic (growing on sand), epipelic (growing on mud) and epiphytic (living on seagrass) assemblages of the shallows of the Gulf of Gdańsk (southern Baltic Sea). The study material was collected from 19 sites along the Gdynia-Sopot coastal zone, including the Port of Gdynia. Most of the identified diatom taxa were observed in two or three microhabitats. However, diatom species living in only one type of microhabitat and those occurring in all analyzed microhabitats were also recorded. Autecological preferences of the identified diatoms indicate organic pollution of the coastal zone of Gdynia and Sopot. However, a higher frequency of α-mesosaprobionts and polysaprobionts indicates an increase in organic pollution in the Port of Gdynia and Marina Sopot, which is associated with intense port activity and large tourist traffic.

4

Morfodynamika sztucznie zasilonej plaży Bałtyku pomiędzy Gdańskiem a Sopotem

Jobska Aleksandra, Rucińska Maria

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2021

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Vol. 69, nr 7

443--447

EN

The research area is located on the coast of the Baltic Sea, along the Gulf of Gdańsk. It includes a beach where sand replenishment was carried out in 2019. The aim of the study was to investigate the morphodynamics of beach deposits in replenishing and non-replenishing areas during one year. No environmental dynamic conditions sufficient to alter significantly the beach morphology and sediment characteristics occurred during the study period, November 2019 to August 2020. One storm event was recorded, but did not significantly affect the beachform. The transverse beach profiles, which were artificially recharged in June 2019, were lowered by 0.6 to 1.2 m. The greatest changes were caused by the erosive activity of the waters of the Jelitkowski Stream.

5

Non-indigenous tanaid Sinelobus vanhaareni Bamber, 2014 in the Polish coastal waters : an example of a successful invader

Brzana Radosław, Marszewska Lena, Normant-Saremba Monika, Błażewicz Magdalena

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2019

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Vol. 48, No. 1

76--84

EN

The paper reports on the first record of Sinelobus vanhaareni, a non-native tanaid, in the Polish coastal waters (Gulf of Gdansk, southern Baltic Sea). The species was found in the port of Gdynia in 2014, while in 2015–2017 it already colonized the western part of the Gulf of Gdansk, inhabiting mainly hard substrates, including both natural (e.g. boulders) and anthropogenic ones (e.g. vertical concrete piles or walls of offshore structures and breakwaters, horizontal PVC plates and oyster shells used as filling in habitat collectors). During the survey period, S. vanhaareni was found in different seasons of the year (from winter and early spring to autumn), which, combined with the presence of ovigerous females as well as high abundance (up to tens of thousands of individuals per square meter), allows us to assume that the species has already established a population in the Gulf of Gdansk.

6

Evidence of cultural eutrophication of the Gulf of Gdańsk based on diatom analysis

Pędziński Jarosław, Witak Małgorzata

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2019

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Vol. 48, No. 3

247--261

EN

The objective of this study was to reconstruct the environmental changes in the Gulf of Gdańsk in the last 200 years. Four subbottom sediment cores were analyzed with respect to diatom flora and anthropogenic effects. The so-called “anthropogenic assemblage” – a result of cultural eutrophication – was observed in the surface sediments. Changes in the species composition may have been caused by the increased use of fertilizers, nitrogen loads and increasing organic matter concentration. Three phases (A, B and C) were distinguished based on the floristic spectrum, which clearly indicates trophic changes in the study area.

7

Crangon crangon : can hydroxyproline be an indicator of changes in the species?

Kąkol Agnieszka, Szaniawska Anna

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2019

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Vol. 48, No. 2

116--124

EN

The hydroxyproline content in Crangon crangon tissues from the Gulf of Gdansk (southern Baltic) was determined in males, non-ovigerous females and ovigerous females, depending on the individual body length, the study area (two profiles: Gdynia and Sopot) and the depth of occurrence. Individuals were collected and analyzed from April to August 2008. The research on the migratory species C. crangon indicates that the area and depth of its occurrence do not significantly affect the level of hydroxyproline in the tissues of this animal (p > 0.05). However, certain trends have been observed. Hydroxyproline participates in various life processes of C. crangon and its level in the tissues is significantly correlated with the sex of animals (p < 0.05). In males, hydroxyproline plays a major role in the body growth. Moreover, water temperature significantly affects the hydroxyproline content in males of different body sizes. Ovigerous females use hydroxyproline in the reproductive process. In non-ovigerous females, hydroxyproline participates both in the growth of organisms and in the reproductive period. Hydroxyproline can be an indicator of the collagen level, as well as an important factor in physiological processes.

8

Canthaxanthin in recent sediments as an indicator of heterocystous cyanobacteria in coastal waters

Krajewska Magdalena, Szymczak-Żyła Małgorzata, Kobos Justyna, Witak Małgorzata, Kowalewska Grażyna

Oceanologia

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2019

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No. 61 (1)

78--88

EN

The mean share of heterocystous cyanobacteria in total chlorophyll-a production in coastal waters, based on cyanobacterial marker carotenoid and chloropigments preserved in recent sediments (0-5 cm, ca 30 years), has been studied in the Gulf of Gdańsk (southern Baltic) and for comparison in the Oslofjord/Drammensfjord (southern Norway). First of all, Baltic cyanobacteria, both from laboratory cultures and field samples, were analysed to select marker heterocysteous cyanobacteria carotenoids for sediments. The pigment relation to diatom percentages of different salinity preferences has been tested, to confirm origin of cyanobacteria. The results indicate that canthaxanthin is the best marker of heterocystous cyanobacteria in the southern Baltic Sea. These filamentous cyanobacteria inflow to the Gulf of Gdańsk from the open sea and their abundance has increased in the last thirty years, in comparison with previous time. In that period they made up ca 4.6% of the total chlorophyll-a production in the Gulf of Gdańsk. The estimate for Oslofjord, at the same assumptions, suggests that heterocystous cyanobacteria occurred there also (up to 5.8% of the total chlorophyll-a production), were of marine origin, but their abundance has decreased during the last thirty years. Such an estimate may be used in environmental modelling and can be applied to other coastal areas, once the marker pigments of the main cyanobacteria species have been identified, and the percentage of total chlorophyll-a produced in a basin, preserved in sediments, has been determined for such area.

9

Spatial variability of long-term trends in significant wave height over the Gulf of Gdańsk using System Identification techniques

Badur J., Cieślikiewicz W.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2018

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Vol. 47, No. 2

190--201

EN

The significant wave height field over the Gulf of Gdańsk in the Baltic Sea is simulated back to the late 19th century using selected data-driven System Identification techniques (Takagi-Sugeno-Kang neuro-fuzzy system and non-linear optimization methods) and the NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD Reanalysis 2 wind fields. Spatial variability of trends in the simulated dataset is briefly presented to show a cumulative “storminess” increase in the open, eastern part of the Gulf of Gdańsk and a decrease in the sheltered, western part of the Gulf.

10

Diatom record of progressive anthropopressure in the Gulf of Gdańsk and the Vistula Lagoon

Witak M., Pędziński J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2018

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Vol. 47, No. 2

167--180

EN

This study describes the subfossil diatom flora in the surface sediments of the Polish coastal waters in relation to human impact. The material studied consists of the uppermost parts of seven sediment cores collected from the SW Gulf of Gdańsk and eight cores from the Vistula Lagoon. Our results show the present-day ecological state of both basins just before the planned construction of a navigable channel of the Vistula Spit, which will be the next factor affecting their hydrology. In different parts of the Gulf of Gdańsk, cultural eutrophication resulted in a distinct “anthropogenic assemblage” in the surface sediments. Its structure relates directly to the distance from the mouth of the Vistula River. In the surface assemblages of the Vistula Lagoon, the number of salt-tolerant diatoms increased with the salinity of the basin. Locally, a large number of pollution-resistant taxa was also observed.

11

Budget of 90Sr in the Gulf of Gdańsk (southern Baltic Sea)

Saniewski M., Zalewska T.

Oceanologia

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2018

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No. 60 (3)

256--263

EN

In the period from 2005 to 2011 the major source of 90Sr to the Gulf of Gdańsk was the Vistula river. Its contribution was 99.7% of the total load. The main processes responsible for the decrease in 90Sr activity in the Gulf of Gdańsk were: radioactive decay (87%) and sediment deposition (13%). Average increase in the activity of 90Sr in the Gulf of Gdańsk during the study period was 5.0% (114 GBq), which was almost 2 times higher than the loss of 90Sr due to radioactive decay. In the years 1997-2015, the effective half-life of 137Cs was 9.1 years and that of 90Sr was 50.3 years. Assuming a further decrease in 137Cs and maintaining 90Sr concentrations at present level, it is expected that 90Sr will become the major anthropogenic isotope having impact on the level of radioactivity in the Gulf of Gdańsk.

12

First record of the North American amphipod Melita nitida Smith, 1873 in Polish coastal waters

Normant-Saremba M., Marszewska L., Kerckhof F.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2017

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Vol. 46, No. 1

108--115

EN

The present paper reports the first observation of the North American amphipod Melita nitida Smith, 1873 in the Gulf of Gdańsk (the southern Baltic Sea, Poland). In 2014, 13 adult specimens, including 3 males, were collected in the Port of Gdynia, which is located in the western part of this waterbody.

13

90Sr in Zostera marina from the Gulf of Gdańsk (southern Baltic Sea)

Saniewski M., Zalewska T.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2017

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Vol. 46, No. 1

24--29

EN

90Sr activity was determined in Zostera marina collected in the Gulf of Gdańsk in 2008-2013. 90Sr activity in Z. marina from Jama Kuźnicka and Klif Orłowski range from 0.83 Bq kg-1 d.w. to 3.78 Bq kg-1 d.w. and from 0.68 Bq kg-1 d.w. to 4.95 Bq kg-1 d.w., respectively. The plants collected in spring-summer showed significant differences between 90Sr content in blades - 1.55 Bq kg-1d.w. in 2011 and 2.18 Bq kg-1 d.w. in 2013, and in roots - 7.75 Bq kg-1 d.w. and 11.44 Bq kg-1 d.w., respectively. The reduction in 90Sr concentrations in Z. marina roots to 1-2 Bq kg-1 d.w. in summer resulted from the transport of this element to the young parts of the plant. In autumn and winter, the 90Sr content in the blades of Z. marina was increasing and reached the maximum of 3.77 Bq kg-1 d.w. This could be explained by the process opposite to dilution, related to the biomass reduction and strontium concentration in the plant tissues. Changes in 90Sr concentration in Z. marina tissues are affected by isotope concentration in seawater as well as by salinity, which affects the concentration of Ca2+ - for which Sr2+ is a chemical analogue

14

New data on benthic Naididae (Annelida, Clitellata) in Polish brackish waters

Marszewska L., Dumnicka E., Normant-Saremba M.

Oceanologia

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2017

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No. 59 (1)

81--84

EN

This paper presents new findings on oligochaete species inhabiting Polish brackish waters. Identification of 455 specimens collected in September 2013 and July 2014 during the macrozoobenthos survey in the Port of Gdynia (the Gulf of Gdańsk, the southern Baltic Sea, Poland) showed the presence of six species belonging to two subfamilies Naidinae and Tubificinae.

15

Zagrożenia ekologiczne dla wód Zatoki Gdańskiej wynikające z działalności Portu Gdynia

Łońska E.

Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka

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2017

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nr 12

621--636

PL

Gdyński port znajduje się nad Zatoką Gdańską w województwie pomorskim na Pobrzeżu Kaszubskim i lokuje się na trzecim miejscu (po Gdańsku i Szczecinie) pod względem wielkości portów morskich w Polsce. Jest on bardzo nowoczesnym wielofunkcyjnym portem. Wprowadzanie zanieczyszczeń do środowiska morskiego, powoduje wiele niekorzystnych skutków: niebezpieczeństwo dla zdrowia ludzkiego, szkodliwość dla żywych zasobów. Szkodliwe substancje stanowią przeszkodę w przemysłowym użytkowaniu morza. Zanieczyszczenia wydostające się poza granice portu obniżają jakość użytkową wody morskiej i zmniejszają walory estetyczne kąpielisk.

EN

Gdynia harbor is located in the Gdansk Bay in the Pomeranian Voivodeship at the Kashubian Seashore and is placed on third place (after Gdansk and Szczecin) in terms of the size of sea ports in Poland. It is a very modern multifunctional port. The inflow of pollution into the marine environment causes many adverse effects: threats to human health, harm to the living resources. Hazardous substances impede the industrial use of the sea. Pollution that are emerging the port borders cause lower quality of sea water and reduces the aesthetic qualities of bathing water.

16

Bottom structure of selected basins in The Port of Gdynia

Dworniczak J., Wróblewski R., Rudowski S., Sitkiewicz P., Bieszk M.

Biuletyn Instytutu Morskiego w Gdańsku

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2017

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Vol. 32, No. 1

1--7

EN

Bottom structure of the basins in the Port of Gdynia, Poland, was analysed based on the archival materials of the Department of Operational Oceanography of Marine Institute in Gdańsk, particularly seismic profiles and macroscopic descriptions of sediment cores. Seismic profiling and core collection were performed in selected basins and within the fairway. The rich source material was used to draw a detailed bathymetric map of the bottom of the basins, a map of surface sediments, and a synthetic geological cross-section. A considerable variation in bottom depth within the analysed basins was observed. Bedrock sediments comprised Miocene sands and silts covered with glacial and fluvioglacial sediments, which reach the surface of the water, especially in the central part of the fairway. Within the eastern part of the fairway, fluvioglacial sediments are covered with marine sediments related to the Littorina transgression. Within the inner port and in the outport, a series of glacial and fluvioglacial sediments are covered with a thick (about 10 m) series of glaciolacustrine and lacustrine sediments, which in turn is covered with fluvial and deltaic sediments. The surface of the bottom is composed of contemporary, anthropogenically modified sediments. The map of surface sediments of the bottom corresponds to the geological map on the horizon of about 10 meters beneath land surface.

PL

W ramach opracowania budowy dna basenów portowych Portu Gdynia wykorzystano materiały archiwalne Zakładu Oceanografii Operacyjnej Instytutu Morskiego w Gdańsku, tj. profile sejsmiczne oraz opisy makroskopowe rdzeni osadów. Profilowanie sejsmiczne oraz pobór rdzeni wykonano w wybranych basenach oraz w obrębie podejściowego toru wodnego. Bogaty materiał źródłowy posłużył do opracowania szczegółowej mapy batymetrycznej dna basenów, mapy osadów powierzchniowych oraz syntetycznego przekroju geologicznego. Stwierdzono znaczne zróżnicowanie głębokości dna w obrębie analizowanych akwenów. Osady podłoża to piaski i muły mioceńskie, na których zalegają osady lodowcowe oraz wodnolodowcowe wychodzące – zwłaszcza w centralnej części podejściowego toru wodnego – na powierzchnię. W obrębie wschodniej części toru wodnego na osadach wodnolodowcowych zalegają osady morskie związane z transgresją litorynową. Na obszarze portu wewnętrznego oraz w awanporcie seria osadów lodowcowych i wodnolodowcowych przykryta jest miąższą (około 10 m) serią osadów jeziorno-lodowcowych i jeziornych, na których zalegają osady o charakterze rzecznym i deltowym Powierzchnię dna budują osady współczesne, zmienione antropogenicznie. Mapa osadów powierzchniowych dna odpowiada mapie geologicznej na poziomie około -10 m.

17

Population dynamics of the main copepod species in the Gulf of Gdańsk (the southern Baltic Sea) : abundance, biomass and production rates

Musialik-Koszarowska M., Dzierzbicka-Głowacka L., Kalarus M., Lemieszek A., Maruszak P., Żmijewska M. I.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2016

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Vol. 45, No. 2

159--171

EN

The aim of this study was to describe the production biomass and abundance dynamics of the major Baltic calanoid copepods (Acartia spp., Temora longicornis and Pseudocalanus sp.) in the Gulf of Gdańsk (the southern Baltic Sea) during a three-year period from March 2010 to December 2012. the data were collected at six stations located in the western part of the gulf. Acartia spp. was the most abundant taxon throughout the study period. the observed differences in the weighted mean depth for the investigated species were >2 m between nauplii and adults of Acartia spp., >5 m between nauplii and adults of Temora longicornis and 3 m between nauplii and younger copepodites of Pseudocalanus sp. the highest values of the secondary production rates were determined for Acartia spp. − almost 17.55 mg C m-2 d-1 (summer 2011), while Temora longicornis reached 3.80 mg C m-2 d-1 in spring 2010 and Pseudocalanus sp. had the highest secondary production values in summer 2011 − about 1.28 mg C m-2 d-1.

18

Is the body condition of the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) determined by the type of food consumed?

Pawelec A. J., Sapota M. R., Skóra M. E.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2016

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Vol. 45, No. 4

588--599

EN

The three spine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus is a small omnivorous, wildly distributed fish. In this study, food uptake and body condition of three spine stickleback, from the Gulf of Gdansk eulitoral was investigated. Samples were taken from three locations of the Gulf of Gdańsk: in vicinities of Sopot, Chałupy and Hel. Copepods were the most quantitive food components in the three spine stickleback stomachs. In spring, at Hel station -Harpacticoida and in Sopot, crustacean and fish eggs, were dominating as a fish prey. During summer, Calanoida were most abundant in stomachs collected from fish caught in Chałupy, fish eggs and Calanoida in those from Hel station. In stomachs of fish from Sopot location most common prey were Cladocera. Comparison of stomach content to food base and Fulton’s body condition index revealed that the three spine stickleback uses available food base in efficient way.

19

Unravelling the complex nature of the Upper Weichselian till section at Gdynia Babie Doły, northern Poland

Woźniak P. P., Czubla P.

Geologos

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2016

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Vol. 22, No. 1

15--32

EN

The complexity of glacial sequences may increase when these formed underneath ice sheets despite subsequent changes in their extent that are accompanied by alterations in the direction of the ice flow. Our aim was to determine whether or not changes in ice sheet dynamics during the Late Weichselian are also recorded in sediments formed north of the area of its fluctuating margin (i.e., where the ice sheet prevailed independent of such fluctuations). It is shown that in these areas such a record could have occurred, as documented by results of till studies at Babie Doły. The examination was carried out using several analyses: lithofacies properties of sediments, petrographic till composition (fine gravel fraction, indicator erratics), till matrix CaCO3 content, till fabric, as well as orientation of striae on the top surfaces of large clasts. In parallel, datings of sub- and supra-till sediments using the TL method were carried out. The basal till at Babie Doły represents almost the entire Upper Weichselian, but it can be divided into subunits whose features indicate different ice flow directions and debris supply. The lower subunit developed as a result of the palaeo-ice stream along the main axis of the Baltic Sea (from the north), expanding to areas adjacent to the depression of the Gulf of Gdańsk. The upper subunit developed when the influence of the palaeo-ice stream in the study area decreased, the main role having been taken over by the ice flowing from the northwest. The till analysed also shows considerable lateral variation, indicative of the mosaic nature of subglacial sedimentation. We consider the diversity of permeability of deposits over which the ice sheet extended to be the prime factor that determined such a situation.

20

The effect of irradiance on the xanthophyll composition of Skeletonema marinoi (Bacillariophycae), Teleaulax sp., Rhodomonas sp. (Cryptophyceae), and Heterocapsa triquetra (Dinophyceae)

Łotocka M.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2015

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Vol. 44, No. 2

172--180

EN

The aim of the research was to determine the effect of irradiance on the content of carotenoids in the natural algae community occurring in the Baltic Sea: diatom Skeletonema marinoi, cryptophytes Teleaulax sp., Rhodomonas sp., and dinoflagellate Heterocapsa triquetra. In the natural population of Skeletonema marinoi, the highest fucoxanthin content was observed in the morning and afternoon, unlike with diatoxanthin+diadinoxanthin, where a mean of 0.008 pg cell-1 was found at dawn and at dusk, whereas maximum values were observed at noon (mean 0.017 pg cell-1). Similar tendencies related to diurnal variations in the content of xanthophylls involved in the xanthophyll cycle occurred also in dinoflagellate Heterocapsa triquetra. In cryptophytes Teleaulax sp. and Rhodomonas sp., no carotenoids of the xanthophyll cycle were detected. The content of alloxanthin showed diurnal variation from 0.048 pg cell-1 to 0.085 pg cell-1 and was not clearly correlated with the irradiance.