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O organizacji i działalności Działu Chemicznego Instytutu Gazowego (1922-1939) w Warszawie

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

2012

R. 57, nr 2

111--129

The Institute for Research of Chemical Weapons was created in December 1922 in Warsaw. It was subordinate to the Department of Weaponry of the Ministry of Military Affairs. Its statutory task was to conduct scientific and experimental research in the field of inventions and technical amelioration regarding anti-gas defense and production of chemical war resources. The organizer and head of the Institute until December 31, 1931 had been Lt.Col. Eng. Z. Wojnicz-Sianożęcki (1880-1940). The leading unit of the Institute was the Division of Offensive Resources (synthesis of chemical compounds) composed of research laboratories and small scale manufacturing section. At the beginning the unit conducted reconstructive work consisting in synthesis of chemical war resources of World War I, but also modifications of certain known methods of production and improvements eligible for a patent. In mid-1925 the institute’s manager won over to it two chemists: Dr. E. Gryszkiewicz-Trochimowski, a chemist, who gave up academic career at Kiev University, and I. Rabcewicz-Zubkowski, former professor of Petersburg University. E. Gryszkiewicz-Trochimowski started research in search of new compounds in the group of arsenic organic compounds. He developed original methods of synthesis and obtained a number of new arsenic organic compounds and arsenic organic compounds with fluoride of highly toxic effect. In 1933, E. Gryszkiewicz-Trochimowski worked out an original method of synthesis of phosgene oxime, which enabled its production in technical circumstances and its beginning as a new chemical war weapon. Phosgene oxime was produced in Poland under the codename TSD. After World War II, marked as CX, it found its place in arsenals of many countries. I. Rabcewicz-Zubkowski made a synthesis and studied 35 new halogen compounds and dihalogen derivatives of keto cyanide and aromatic-aliphatic keto rhodanates, as well as halogen derivatives of methyl-tetraliloketones. In the 30-s, E. Gryszkiewicz-Trochimowski with his colleagues A. Sporzyński and J. Wnuk developed a new method of synthesis of fluoroorganic compounds, which was kept secret. F/O A. Sporzyński, who served in the air force in Great Britain during World War II, passed on his research results to Cambridge University professor H. McCombie. H. McCombie submitted the classified method of fluorination of aliphatic compounds as his own and patented it (British Secret Patent). Division of Chemical Resources conducted also research on the synthesis of resources destroying durable poisons.

Eustachy Gryszkiewicz - Trochimowski (1888-1971) chemik

Morawski B.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

2011

R. 56, nr 2

45-81

Eustachy Gryszkiewicz-Trochimowski was born on April 17, 1888, in Kowle on Volhynia. Having graduated from classical grammar-school in Human, he began his studies in the faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science m the University of St. Włodzimierz in Kiev. His scientific interests in chemistry appeared already during university studies. This fact attracted his teacher's attention a distinguished organic chemist- professor S. N. Reformatski (I860 -1938). The first works he published in the years 1908-1909. In 1910 professor Reformatski appointed him to a post of assistant in laboratory of organic chemistry within Higher Women Classes. In 1913 Gryszkiewicz-Trochimowski was employed as an assistant professor, and as a lecturer in chemistry was appointed to a post of professor in Higher Institute of Trade. After professor Reformatski had retired in 1917, Gryszkiewicz-Trochimowski was appointed to a professorship and took over a chair in Organic Chemistry Department. In 1925, having moved to Poland, he resigned from academic career. Having returned to Poland, he began to work in Research Institute of Chemical Weapons, in which look up systematic and extensive research works over arsenoorganic compounds, and combinations including fluorine. He worked out an original method of producing an unavailable compound of oxym of phosgene, which later was widely used, and also beyond the army. The combination was available just by dint of the method that was introduced by Gryszkiewicz-Trochimowski. In Poland the method of producing oxym of phosgene was concealed, and the compound was produced under a secret name TSD together with sulphuric yperile. Moreover, Gryszkiewicz-Trochimowski took up intensive scientific researches on synthesis of halogen derivatives of aliphatic, and aliphatic and aromatic ketones. In the second half of the 1930s, together with the closest co-workers - doctor Adam Sporzyński and Lieutenant MA Jakub Wnuk- he worked out a new method of synthesis of organic-fluoric combinations. The method was kept in the strictest secrecy and was revealed in 1942 to the English by doctor Sporzyński while visiting Great Britain. The results of the Warsaw research works were laid before professor of the University of Cambridge - H. McCombiem, who presented them as his own discovery, and who look a patent for the method. While doing research works in the Institute, Eustachy Gryszkiewicz Trochimowski with an approval of army adminislration since January, 1929, started to work in Industry and Trade Establishments of Chemistry - L. Spiess & Son. Co-operating with the company for 10 years, he elaborated and applied the modified methods of producing many synthetic remedies, and worked out a program of establishment's production that could easily conform with the modern chemical and pharmaceutical factory. The program in the post-war period was continued almost for two decades. Gryszkiewicz-Trochimowski was the only chemist in Poland, who did his research works over synthetic healers. In the period of occupation he worked for a while in the company "Spiess", In 1943 he was informed of the murder in Katyń of his co-worker-captain doctor Wnuk. A perspective of annextion of Polish territories by the Soviets was for him a serious threat and thus he started making attempts at leaving for the west. He left the country under unknown circumstances and found himself in France. After the end of World War II he published a greal many of his works that earlier had been kept in secret. In France he was employed in the military scientific and research institution - Centre d'Eludes du Buchct - and was engaged in works over a French program of defence. Having lived to be seventy nine, died on February 25, 1971, in Brazil.