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1

Global Positioning System: Political Support, Directions of Development, and Expectations

Czaplewski K.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2015

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Vol. 9, no. 2

229--232

EN

Over the last decade the Global Positioning System has become a global, multifunctional tool which provides services that are an integral part of U.S. national security as well as the security of other highly developed countries. Economic development, transport security as well as homeland security are important elements of the global economic infrastructure. In 2000 the United States acknowledged the growing significance of GPS for civilian users and stopped intentionally degrading accuracy for non-military signals that are known as “Selective Availability”. Since then, commercial applications of satellite systems have been proliferating even more rapidly, and therefore, their importance in everyday life has greatly increased. Currently, services that depend on information obtained from the Global Positioning System are the driving force behind economic growth, economic development and the improvement in life safety. This economic development would not be possible without the financial and political support of the US government to maintain the operation of the GPS system. Therefore it is important to have knowledge about the intentions of the US government how system GPS will be developed in the future. Decisions taken in the last 3 months are the subject of this article.

2

Review of some research on the full-scale monitoring of civil engineering structures using GPS

Chmielewski T., Górski P.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Budownictwo

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2015

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Y. 112, iss. 2-B

229--239

EN

The static and dynamic deformation monitoring of engineering structures has been a matter of concern for engineers for many years. This paper provides a review of research and development activities from 1993 in the field of bridges, tall buildings, and tower health monitoring using GPS. Firstly, early pioneering applications of GPS to measure the structural vibrations of these structures and the assessment of the measurement accuracy of GPS are briefly described. The progress on monitoring the displacements and dynamic characteristics of bridges and tall structures, caused by traffic loads, wind, and the combined influence of solar radiation and daily air temperature variations, is then presented.

PL

Monitorowanie statycznych i dynamicznych przemieszczeń konstrukcji budowlanych jest przedmiotem zainteresowań inżynierów od wielu lat. W artykule przedstawiono przegląd badań i rozwój od 1993r. techniki GPS w monitorowaniu stanu technicznego konstrukcji mostowych, wysokich budowli i wież. Opisano pionierskie zastosowania systemu GPS do pomiarów drgań wymienionych konstrukcji budowlanych i badania dokładności tego systemu pomiarowego. Przedstawiono rozwój techniki GPS w monitorowaniu przemieszczeń i badaniu charakterystyk dynamicznych mostów i wysokich konstrukcji, poddanych działaniom wywołanym ruchem komunikacyjnym, wiatrem, nasłonecznieniem i dobową zmianą temperatury powietrza.

3

Nominal and Real Accuracy of the GPS Position Indicated by Different Maritime Receivers in Different Modes

Januszewski J.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2014

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Vol. 8, no. 1

11--19

EN

Nowadays on the ship’s bridge two or even more GPS receivers are installed. As in the major cases the coordinates of the position obtained from these receivers differ the following questions can be posed – what is the cause of this divergence, which receiver in the first must be taken into account etc. Based on information published in annual GPS and GNSS receiver survey it was estimated the percentage of GPS receivers designed for marine and/or navigation users. The measurements of GPS position based on the four different stationary GPS receivers were realized in the laboratory of Gdynia Maritime University in Poland in the summer 2012. The coordinates of the position of all these receivers were registered at the same time. The measurements in mode 3D were made for different input data, the same for all receivers. The distances between the individual unit’s antenna were considered also. Next measurements in mode 3D also were realized on two ships in different European ports. Additional measurements were made in mode 2D with three receivers for different their’s antenna heights. The results showed that the GPS position accuracy depends on the type of the receiver and its technical parameters particularly.

4

A Matlab Implementation of Differential GPS for Low-cost GPS Receivers

Ali Q, Montenegro S.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2014

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Vol. 8, no. 3

343--350

EN

A number of public codes exist for GPS positioning and baseline determination in off-line mode. However, no software code exists for DGPS exploiting correction factors at base stations, without relying on double difference information. In order to accomplish it, a methodology is introduced in MATLAB environment for DGPS using C/A pseudoranges on single frequency L1 only to make it feasible for low-cost GPS receivers. Our base station is at accurately surveyed reference point. Pseudoranges and geometric ranges are compared at base station to compute the correction factors. These correction factors are then handed over to rover for all valid satellites observed during an epoch. The rover takes it into account for its own true position determination for corresponding epoch. In order to validate the proposed algorithm, our rover is also placed at a pre-determined location. The proposed code is an appropriate and simple to use tool for post-processing of GPS raw data for accurate position determination of a rover e.g. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle during post-mission analysis.

5

Korean WA-DGNSS User Segment Software Design

Shah S. T., Choi W.S., Han W.Y., Yun H., Kee C.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2013

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Vol. 7, no. 1

69--74

EN

Korean WA‐DGNSS is a large scale research project funded by Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs Korea. It aims to augment the Global Navigation Satellite System by broadcasting additional signals from geostationary satellites and providing differential correction messages and integrity data for the GNSS satellites. The project is being carried out by a consortium of universities and research institutes. The research team at Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute is involved in design and development of data processing softwares for wide area reference station and user segment. This paper focuses on user segment software design. Korean WA‐DGNSS user segment software is designed to perform several functions such as calculation of pseudorange, ionosphere and troposphere delays, application of fast and slow correction messages, and data verification. It is based on a layered architecture that provides a model to develop flexible and reusable software and is divided into several independent, interchangeable and reusable components to reduce complexity and maintenance cost. The current version is designed to collect and process GPS and WADGNSS data however it is flexible to accommodate future GNSS systems such as GLONASS and Galileo.

6

Data Integration from GPS and Inertial Navigation Systems for Pedestrians in Urban Area

Bikonis K., Demkowicz J.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2013

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Vol. 7, no. 3

401--406

EN

The GPS system is widely used in navigation and the GPS receiver can offer long-term stable absolute positioning information. The overall system performance depends largely on the signal environments. The position obtained from GPS is often degraded due to obstruction and multipath effect caused by buildings, city infrastructure and vegetation, whereas, the current performance achieved by inertial navigation systems (INS) is still relatively poor due to the large inertial sensor errors. The complementary features of GPS and INS are the main reasons why integrated GPS/INS systems are becoming increasingly popular. GPS/INS systems offer a high data rate, high accuracy position and orientation that can work in all environments, particularly those where satellite availability is restricted. In the paper integration algorithm of GPS and INS systems data for pedestrians in urban area is presented. For data integration an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) algorithm is proposed. Complementary characteristics of GPS and INS with EKF can overcome the problem of huge INS drifts, GPS outages, dense multipath effect and other individual problems associated with these sensors.

7

Application of Satellite Navigation Techniques for Vessel’s Drift Determination in Piloting Areas

Blokus-Roszkowska A., Jurdziński M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2013

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Vol. 7, no. 3

389--392

EN

The paper deals with use the satellite navigation system for increase safety of navigation in difficult areas. There have been presented an algorithm to ship control procedure during environmental disturbances in narrow passages.

8

Zastosowanie systemów nawigacyjnych i telematycznych w logistyce

Nowotyńska I., Tereszkiewicz K.

Logistyka

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2012

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nr 3

PL

W artykule przedstawiono możliwość wykorzystania opracowanego w XX wieku globalnego systemu pozycjonowania GPS w logistyce. Przedstawiono technologie systemu Galileo w rozwiązaniach logistycznych, technologie identyfikacji radiowej RFID jako skutecznego narzędzia podnoszącego wydajność transportu, magazynowania oraz procesu sprzedaży towarów. Zaprezentowano także możliwość zastosowania systemów typu voice picking w centrach logistycznych.

EN

The article presents possibility to use developed in the twentieth century in the GPS global positioning system in logistics. The technology of Galileo logistic, solutions RFID technology as an effective tool for enhancing efficiency of transport, warehousing and the sale of goods. Also presented the possibility of using a voice picking systems in logistics centers.

9

Maritime Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS)

Ilcev S.D.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2011

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Vol. 5, no. 1

39--50

EN

This paper introduces development and implementation of Maritime Satellite Communications, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) of GPS or GLONASS for enhancement of safety and emergency systems including security and control of vessels, logistic and freight at sea, on inland waters and the security of crew and passengers on board ships, cruisers, boats, rigs and hovercrafts. These improvements include many appli-cations for the better management and operation of vessels and they are needed more than ever because of world merchant fleet expansion. Just the top 20 world ships registers have more than 40,000 units under their national flags. Above all, the biggest problem today is that merchant ships and their crews are targets of the types of crime traditionally associated with the maritime industries, such as piracy, robbery and recently, a target for terrorist attacks. Thus, International Maritime Organization (IMO) and flag states will have a vital role in developing International Ship and Port Security (ISPS). The best way to implement ISPS is to design an Approaching and Port Control System (APCS) by special code augmentation satellite CNS for all ships in-cluding tracking and monitoring of all vehicle circulation in and out of the seaport area. The establishment of Maritime CNS is discussed as a part of Global Satellite Augmentation Systems (GSAS) of the US GPS and Russian GLONASS for integration of the existing Regional Satellite Augmentation Systems (RSAS) such as the US WAAS, European EGNOS and Japanese MSAS, and for development new RSAS such as the Russian SDMC, Chinese SNAS, Indian GAGAN and African ASAS. This research has also to include RSAS for Aus-tralia and South America, to meet all requirements for GSAS and to complement the services already provid-ed by Differential GPS (DGPS) for Maritime application of the US Coast Guard by development Local Satel-lite Augmentation System (LSAS) in seaports areas.

10

The Basic Research for the New Compass System Using Latest MEMS

Fukuda G., Hayashi S.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2010

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Vol. 4, no. 3

317--322

EN

This paper demonstrates basic research for a new compass system using latest MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) sensors for small vessels. In 2007, MEMS Electrostatically Gyro (ESG) was introduced by TOKYO KEIKI which is a Japanese company. This sensor accuracy has dramatically improved compared to vibration types. For example, instability has been improved 10 times more than the vibration types. The reproducibility was tested and maximum difference was 0.55 [deg/sec] in the field test. The MEMS-ESG could detect the relative angles as accurate as GPS compass in short term use. Even though sen-sor accuracy has been improved, an improvement of another 10 times is needed to detect the earth’s turn rate. Because of this a second system is required for a complete compass system. A celestial navigation system is one of the possibilities to complement this. Traditionally the sextant has been used for measuring the altitude, but it has some human errors and difficult to measure continuously. Therefore, it might be useful to get sun altitude and direction automatically. In this thesis, the sun altitude and direction detecting system using camera devices are studied. Using 350×288 resolution camera and a radio-controlled clock, the sun movement was detected 5’14” per pixels and 2’16”. per pixels for the altitude and direction respectively. Although this is a basic research for an integrated system, the data should have an enormous affect upon future research.

11

Effect of Measurement Duration on the Accuracy of Position Determination in GPS and GPS/EGNOS Systems

Bober R., Szewczuk T., Wolski A.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2010

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Vol. 4, no. 3

295--299

EN

The authors have analyzed the effect of measurement duration on the accuracy of ship’s hori-zontal (2D) position obtained by GPS and GPS/EGNOS receivers. Also, the influence of measurement dura-tion on the mean position determination error in relation to a reference (geodetic) position has been examined.

12

Alternative for Kalman Filter – Two Dimension Self-learning Filter with Memory

Fellner A., Banaszek K., Trominski P.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2010

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Vol. 4, no. 4

429--431

EN

We propose new solution for idea Prof. Vanicek and Prof. Inzinga. This filter relies basically on the information contained in measurements on the vehicle: position fixes, velocities and their error statistics.

13

Positioning Using GPS and GLONASS Systems

Kujawa L., Rogowski J. B., Kopańska K.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2009

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Vol. 3, no. 3

283--286

EN

This paper presents an experiment involving the processing of observations using the GPS and GPS/GLONASS systems performed at the BOGO, BOGI, and JOZ2 IGS stations. Due to the small number of GLONASS satellites, the authors failed to receive any significant improvement in positioning accuracy using GPS and GLONASS observations jointly.

14

Modernization of Maritime DGPS in Poland

Dziewicki M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2009

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Vol. 3, no. 1

39--42

EN

Some new techniques and functionality adopted for modernization of national DGPS systems by maritime administrations in Europe are presented. Any solution adopted must meet international requirements: IMO standards and IALA e-NAV Committee recommendations. The results of DGPS Re-capitalization Meeting in Gdynia 2008 are presented. Modernization and re-engineering of maritime DGPS must take into account backward compatibility with existing onboard receivers as well as future trends towards e-Navigation. Operational and legal status of the Polish DGPS network is also mentioned in this context.

15

Application of 3-D Velocity Measurement of Vessel by VI-GPS for STS Lightering

Yoo Y., Pedersen E., Tatsumi K., Kouguchi N., Arai Y.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2009

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Vol. 3, no. 1

43--48

EN

A lightering operation is a type of Ship-To-Ship (STS) operation where two ships are together in open waters and transfer the cargo e.g. crude oil, LNG. High skills and experience are required by the human operators as no relevant equipment for determining the relative speeds and distances with sufficient accuracies has been implemented. The officer in charge of an STS lightering takes the decision on adequate maneuvering orders based on predominantly visual observations during the final approach. Landing on all fenders simultaneously is an objective in order to minimize ship-fender contact forces, but this is rather difficult to achieve in practice even in calm sea due to the effect of hydrodynamic interaction when the ships are closing in. Furthermore, currents that are present in the lightering zone add to the operational complexity. A field measurement experiment has been carried out with a Velocity Information GPS (VI-GPS) system installed onboard a ferry approaching port for berthing which is similar to an STS lightering. The paper proposes to apply VI-GPS as input sensor to a decision-support and guidance system aiming to provide accurate velocity information to the officer in charge of an STS operation. It is argued that DOP of VI-GPS is related to the velocity error.

16

GNSS for an Aviation Analysis Based on EUPOS and GNSS/EGNOS Collocated Stations in PWSZ CHELM

Fellner A., Cwiklak J., Jafernik H., Trominski P., Zajac J., Banaszek K.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2008

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Vol. 2, no. 4

351--356

EN

Under the umbrella of PWSZ Chelm, taking account of future implementation of navigation using EUPOS and GNSS based on EGNOS several planned actions were carried out in the 2005-2006. The actions in particular contribute to: 1. ICAO and EGNOS requirements and coverage area (Chelm Town located near Polish-Ukrainian border is also at the east border of planned EGNOS coverage for ECAC states). 2. Preparatory activities to establishing the EUPOS station in PWSZ Chelm. Cooperation of PWSZ Chelm and ULC (Polish Aviation Regulator) in the frame of conventional NAV aids use and GNSS implementation in aviation. 3. Analysis of ICAO requirements and methods of testing SIS (Signal In Space) needed to certify GNSS in Poland for use for an aviation. 4. Preparatory activities to establishing the EGNOS SIS monitoring station based on EUROCONTROL Pegasus software and GNSS/EGNOS receiver Septentrio PolaRx2e. 5. Analysis of methods for exchange of information between EUPOS and EGNOS SIS station to initiate the application of satellite positioning systems to air navigation in Poland. The project EUPOS is a European initiative aiming at establishment of a uniform DGNSS (Differential Global Navigation Satellite System) basis infrastructures in Central and Eastern European countries including Chelm Town where PWSZ is localized playing vital role in GIS/GNSS implementation in the region and Polish aviation.

17

An Effect of Urban Development on the Accuracy of the GPS/EGNOS System

Bober R., Szewczuk T., Wolski A.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2008

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Vol. 2, no. 3

235--238

EN

This article presents the results of research into the accuracy of position determination by a GPS/EGNOS system in a densely built-up residential area. These results are compared with the relevant results obtained for a position in an open area.

18

Accuracy Analysis of the EGNOS System During Mobile Testing

Aguilar E. D., Jaworski L., Kolodziejczak M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2008

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Vol. 2, no. 1

37--41

EN

The European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service or EGNOS has been operational and broadcasting signals on PRN120 and PRN126 as of July 2006. EGNOS is designed to broadcast embedded correction signals in Europe which will provide improved performance with GPS. There are three EGNOS geostationary satellites PRN codes 120,124 and 126. The three satellites have positions 15.5 degrees west fro PRN 120, 25 degrees east and 21.5 degrees east for PRN’s 126 and 124. Satellite PRN124 is still in the test phase. The Space Research Centre has performed a mobile testing to demonstrate how EGNOS improves GPS accuracy. A mobile GPS laboratory was used to collect GPS data in the rural outskirts of Warsaw. Two receivers and one antenna were used to collect kinematic and navigation data. Post-processed GPS position and height deviations are compared to the solution given when GPS is augmented with EGNOS. The summarized results in this paper show that GPS augmented with EGNOS greatly improves position accuracy.

19

Software navigation receivers for GNSS and DVB

Vejrazka F., Kovar P., Eska M., Puricer P.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2007

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Vol. 1, no. 2

137--141

EN

We describe the software GNSS receiver, its schema, implementation into a computer, results of tests and application for railway, municipal transportation and for shipping of dangerous matters. The receiver, originally for the Galileo system, is on a printed board which is the size of a Euro Card (160?100 mm). Because the Galileo signal is not in the air, it was modified for the GPS and GLONASS systems. Experimental GNSS receiver (EGR) was used as a tool for its development and it is also described. Even if we use the receiver which is able to process signals of all three systems, it is impossible to ensure reception of GNSS signals in adverse conditions (under leaves canopy, in urban canyons, in hollow tracks, etc.). Therefore we have studied the possibilities of communication systems which will use modern signals known from satellite navigation and we have obtained very interesting results when we used DVB-T transmitters as beacons.

20

Modernization of satellite navigation systems and theirs new maritime applications

Januszewski J.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2007

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Vol. 1, no. 1

39--45

EN

The last years gave a rise to many important changes in the operational status and practical exploitation of satellite navigation systems (SNS) GPS & GLONASS, differential mode of these systems (DGPS, DGLONASS) and Satellite Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) as EGNOS or WAAS. Therefore the modernization of these systems as new satellites, new civil signals, new codes, new monitoring stations etc. and the details about new systems under construction as Galileo, Compass and IRNSS, the problem of interoperability and new maritime applications are presented in this paper.