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Influence of lithology-controlled hydraulics on pothole evolution

Das Balai Chandra

Acta Geophysica

2023

Vol. 71, no. 1

437--448

The present study showed the influence of lithology-controlled hydraulics on pothole evolution. For this study, using tools of geometry, mathematics, and statistics, the morphology (depth and diameter of aperture) of a sample of 135 potholes has been analyzed from Ghagra waterfall of Tarafeni River, Belpahari, West Bengal, India. It was found that the depths of potholes are proportional to their diameter (h = 0.97D0.97). Equal percentile distribution of depth and average diameter indicate the consistent rate of evolution of diameter along with depth. Out of total potholes, only 1.5% are circular and 41.48% are near circular while ~57% of potholes are either oval or elongated. Variability in diameter (CV=0.79) of potholes is lesser than variability in the depth (CV=1.12). The orientation of joints significantly determines the orientation of the major axis of potholes’ diameter. Flow duration and distance from the active channel have a role in determining the size of potholes. Potholes are very common in dyke-controlled hydraulics environments. Initial seminal depression is essential for the origin of potholes. The evolution of potholes passes through sequential phases of distinct characteristics of aperture diameter/depth ratio, rates of deepening and widening, and coalescence. This study will widen the avenue for further research on the model of pothole formation and will enable replicating this evolutionary model in like situation.