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1

Bundeswehra - w poszukiwaniu swojej tożsamości

Polończyk A.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki

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2012

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Nr 3

139-156

PL

Artykuł wyodrębnia czynniki, jakie wpłynęły na tożsamość powstałej po 1955 roku Bundeswehry. W pierwszej części publikacji opisano pokrótce zmiany zachodzące w środowisku bezpieczeństwa oraz w siłach zbrojnych po okresie Zimnej Wojny, a także zaprezentowano prognozę użycia czynnika militarnego oraz kierunek, w jakim zmieniać się będą siły zbrojne. Przemyślenia te stały się wstępem do refleksji nad wartością struktury militarnej i nad jej tożsamością w XX i XXI wieku. Druga część artykułu rozpoczyna się od przedstawienia bazującego na teorii nauk o organizacji pojęcia kultury organizacyjnej, która kształtuje i wpływa na tożsamość każdej stworzonej przez człowieka organizacji. Punktem wyjściowym zasadniczej części rozważań stał się stworzony na potrzeby artykułu ogólny model czynników kształtujących kulturę organizacyjną sił zbrojnych jako specyficznej organizacji. W odniesieniu do tego modelu, scharakteryzowane zostały następnie wybrane elementy kultury organizacyjnej Bundeswehry. W rezultacie uzyskano względnie zamknięty obraz tożsamości sił zbrojnych RFN w XXI wieku. Przemyślenia te pozwoliły ostatecznie na sformułowanie odpowiedzi na pytania o zmiany tożsamości armii Niemiec w przyszłych latach, wieńczące całe studium.

EN

The article describes the factors that influenced the identity of the Bundeswehr after its establishment in 1955. The first part of the publication depicts the changes in the international security environment and the armed forces after the Cold War, as well as the forecast of using the military factor and its direction in the future. It is the basis for further reflections about the value of each single military structure and its identity in the 20th and 21st century. The other part of the article covers the concept of organizational culture which influences the organizational identity. The main part of the reflections presents the original model of the factors influencing the organizational culture within the armed forces as a special organization. This model is the basis on which the selected elements of the Bundeswehr organizational culture have been characterized. As a result, the view of the German armed forces identity in the 21st century has been described. According to those reflections, it is possible to answer the questions of the direction of the Bundeswehr identity changes in the years to come.

2

Reforma Bundeswehry w świetle niemieckich raportów polityczno-wojskowych. Cz. 2

Gawliczek P.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2003

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nr 1(50)

124-141

EN

On April 27, 2000, the military leadership of Bundeswehre presented a document concerning a conceptual and planning development of the German armed forces to the German minister of defence. The document included: the bases of German military and security policy to develop a new model of the armed forces; a new profile of German Armed Forces' capabilities and readiness that embraced a spectrum of Bundeswehre tasks and obligations resulting from the Alliance obligations; a new Armed Forces’ model – future organisational, command and personnel structures and a range of the equipment and ordinance modernisation. Serious changes of the Armed Forces command structures were proposed. The points concerning financing and transitional period tasks are still being developed. The document provides for the Armed Forces personnel reductions to 290 000 soldiers by 2010. That number consists of: 202 000 professional and long-term military service soldiers; 84 500 conscripts; the compulsory military service will be reduced to 9 months (now 10); 3500 posts assigned to train reserve soldiers. Particular Armed Forces services would have the following number of soldiers: 196 400 – land forces; 68 000 – air force; 25 900 – navy.

3

Reforma Bundeswehry w świetle niemieckich raportów polityczno-wojskowych. Cz. 3

Gawliczek P.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2003

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nr 2(51)

184-196

EN

On 23 May 2000, the commission headed by the former president of Germany Richard von Weizsäker presented the results of its activities in a 170-page report entitled “Common Security and the Future of Bundeswehre”. This publication was divided in four chapters dedicated to the renewal from the basis, common security, the future of Bundeswehre and reform’s budgetary conditions. Moreover this study contains sub-chapters dealing with the issues of threats and interests, European imperative, tasks and their consequences, military service and personnel reform, command, armed forces and administration, armament and equipment of Bundeswehre as a company. This report includes 3 appendices and 13 annexes in the form of charts, diagrams and figures. In order to enable the federal government to accomplish tasks of Bundeswehre’s reform, the commission recommended such measures as: directing the armed forces structure to the most probable tasks in crisis handling and prevention which will allow fulfilling national and allied requirements and meeting international commitments; reorganisation of the armed forces in order to achieve operational forces of 140 000 soldiers which correspond to their engagement in the Alliance; reduction of the armed forces to 240 000 soldiers in peacetime, including 30 000 10-month service conscripts; maintaining the potential enabling deploying 300 000 soldiers in wartime and 100 000 reservists; reduction the number of civilian personnel to about 80 000 posts together with limiting their tasks, services, garrisons and bases; equal rights for soldiers regardless the sex; developing and strengthening the “Innere Fuhrung” concept, stressing the role of conscience and convictions for the soldier’s morale.

4

Myślenie i działanie operacyjne w niemieckich siłach zbrojnych

Wiatr M.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2001

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nr 2(43)

151-166

EN

The development of operational thinking in German armed forces is connected with Field Marshall H, von Moltke, commonly recognised as the modern operations creator. Since his time it has been said about forces, time and space as operational factors determining all operational activities. German operational thinking, the approach to operation concept and thus the way to wage war has been greatly influenced by Germany's central location in Europe and resulting from it subjective feeling of encircling and threat from stronger neighbours. In such a situation, German military men tended to develop principles that would balance these inconveniences. Therefore German operational thinking concentrated on concepts anabling weaker in quantity German Forces to achieve swiftly operational developments and so to defeat enemy successively and to face their allies with an accomplished fact. Therefore an essential role was played by manoeuvres on external lines, the speed of operations, gravity centre and destruction strategy. The analysis of German ideas to wage operations allows to find the following centre idea of operating German forces in time and space: fast incursion into enemy group due to forces concentration in gravity centre and to use the area being aware of the risk, then going to the flanks, most of all to the rears, cutting connection lines, closing the encirclement and finally destroying the enemy.