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Roszczenia regresowe między przewoźnikami sukcesywnymi według CMR

Wesołowski K.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Problemy Transportu i Logistyki / Uniwersytet Szczeciński

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2010

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Nr 11

171--186

PL

[...]Wymóg, aby przewóz wykonywany był na podstawie jednej umowy, powinien być rozumiany w tym sensie, że nadawcę przesyłki łączy ze wszystkimi przewoźnikami biorącymi udział w przewozie jedna umowa. Nie oznacza on natomiast, że umowa ta jest jedynym źródłem stosunków prawnych między przewoźnikami. Zwykle bowiem przystąpienie kolejnych przewoźników do umowy przewozu zawartej z nadawcą następuje po wykonaniu zobowiązań zaciągniętych przez tych przewoźników wobec siebie w ramach innych umów. Okoliczność ta ma istotne znaczenie dla prawidłowej interpretacji przepisów konwencji, będących przedmiotem opracowania.[...]

EN

A carrier who has paid compliance with the provisions of CMR, shall be entitled to recover such compensation, together with interest, all cost and expenses incurred by reason of the claim, from the other carriers who have taken part of the carriage – according to art 37–38 CMR. In the article the author describes problems of this recourse claim. At the beginning of the article the author reminds the essence of the successive carriage and the essence of recourse claim. The author presents opinion, that the provisions of art. 37–38 CMR may be only used to the successive carriage, and not to the another type of carriage (to the relation between carrier and sub-contractor). The next part of article concerns the scope of this claim. Then the author discusses the character of provisions of art. 34–40 CMR. He underlines, that only art. 37–38 CMR are ius dispositivi. Other provisions regarding to the successive carriage have obligatory character. The most important problems discussed in the article are principles of apportionment of liability between successive carriers. The carrier who is responsible for the loss or damage shall be liable in the fi nal instance for the whole amount owing. When the damage is due to the action of two or more carriers, they shall each pay a share which is in portion to their share of the payment due for the carriage. If it cannot be ascertained to which carriers liability is to be attributed, the amount of compensation is to be apportioned between all the carriers in the proportion to their share of payment due for the carriage. If one of the carriers is insolvent, the share of compensation due from him and unpaid by him shall be divided among the other carriers in proportion to the share of the payment for the carriage due to them.

2

Wolność od tortur w międzynarodowym i polskim porządku prawnym

Płoski T.

Wiedza Obronna

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2000

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nr 1

103--110

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Perspektywy stosowania nowoczesnej amunicji małokalibrowej w świetle Konwencji Genewskiej z roku 1980

Leciejewski Z., Staroń K.

Problemy Techniki Uzbrojenia

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1998

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R. 27, nr 64

15--21

PL

W październiku 1997 r. odbyła się w Interlaken (Szwajcaria) międzynarodowa konferencja, której celem było zaprezentowanie technicznych, medycznych i prawnych aspektów stosowania nowoczesnej amunicji małokalibrowej w kontekście działań działań związanych z opracowywaniem dodatkowego Protokołu do Konwencji Genewskiej z 1980 r. Przypomniano na niej brzmienie niektórych artykułów Konwencji Haskiej (1899/1907) oraz dokonano próby zdefiniowania pojęcia "pocisk humanitarny". Artykuł prezentuje stan aktualny prac nad Protokołem do "Konwencji o zakazie lub ograniczeniu użycia pewnych broni konwencjonalnych, które mogą być uważane za powodujące nadmierne cierpienia lub niekontrolowane skutki.

4

The continental shelf in the law of the sea conventions of 1958 and 1982 and the principal of natural prolongation

Wasilewski T.

Biuletyn Instytutu Morskiego w Gdańsku

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1998

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Vol. 25, No. 2

15--32

EN

The subject of the paper is the evolution of the concept of the continental shelf in international law, shown in the context of natural prolongation of the land territory of a coastal state co-creating this concept. The starting point for the analysis are the determinations of such specialised disciplines of science as: geography, oceanography and geology, and in consequence a possibly accurate topographic description of the sea and ocean floor, determination of the most important physiographic zones and of their characteristic features. This, only formally distinguished, but treated as one whole for meritoric and structural reasons three-element sequence, formed in the order: continental shelf in geographic/physical approach - continental slope -foot of continental slope, forms a common topographic feature called the continental margin. However, the reconstruction of the continental shelf concept in international law is not limited only to the description and characteristic of the continental margin in the horizontal plane. Appropriately to the needs of the paper, and to the extent the competence of the Author allowed, the margin is also described in the vertical dimension, i.e. going deeper into the essence of the natural factor, contained basically in the geomorphologic and geologic structure of the main physiographic provinces forming the continental margin. Such a view of the above problem allowed to obtain knowledge of motivations and of various arguments forming the essence and reach of the external limit of the continental shelf in the Geneva Convention on the continental shelf of I958, called further in text the GC IV ( I958). However, most important was to show and prove the thesis that it was the natural factor that dictated and shaped stipulations in international law with respect to the discussed subject, and that this factor played an extremely important role in the evolution and development of the continental shelf concept during the period after CG IV ( I958) was adopted. The principle, contained in the ITJ ruling on the continental shelf of the North Sea that the continental shelf is a natural prolongation of the territory of a coastal state, the natural prolongation principle, was well substantiated by the geomorphology and geophysical characteristics of the continental margin. This principle was also of primary importance for the shaping of the concept of the continental shelf and of its external boundary in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982, called below UNCLOS (1982).