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1

Priorytety Europejskiej Agencji Kosmicznej w obszarze geodezji do 20235 roku

Sośnica Krzysztof

Przegląd Geodezyjny

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2024

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R. 96, nr 2

15--18

PL

Europejska Agencja Kosmiczna planuje zrealizować w najbliższych latach szereg przedsięwzięć, które będą miały kluczowe znaczenie dla geodezji. Działania te obejmują finalizację budowy systemu Galileo pierwszej generacji, a także wyniesienie pierwszych satelitów drugiej generacji, budowę systemu wspierającego pozycjonowanie i nawigację LEO-PNT, misję GENESIS integrującą cztery techniki obserwacyjne geodezji kosmicznej, a także misję Moonlight, która umożliwi nie tylko pozycjonowanie na Księżycu, lecz także pozwoli połączyć układy odniesienia ziemskie z tymi księżycowymi. Ponadto ze środków europejskich zostaną sfinansowane misje teledetekcyjne i altimetryczne Sentinel w ramach programu Copernicus oraz grawimetryczne, takie jak MAGIC. Niniejszy artykuł podsumowuje przyszłe europejskie misje satelitarne, które będą miały fundamentalne znaczenie w zakresie geodezyjnych badań Ziemi.

EN

The European Space Agency plans to implement a number of projects in the coming years that will be of key importance for geodesy. These activities include the finalization of the first generation of the Galileo system, as well as the launch of the first second generation satellites, the construction of the LEO-PNT positioning and navigation supporting system, the GENESIS mission integrating four space geodesy observation techniques, as well as the Moonlight mission, which will enable not only astronauts to position on the Moon, but will also allow us to connect terrestrial and lunar reference systems. In addition, European funds will allow for the future remote sensing and altimetry missions Sentinel under the Copernicus program and gravimetric missions, such as MAGIC. This article summarizes future European satellite missions that will be of fundamental importance in the field of Earth geodetic research.

2

Model of the signal of the Galileo Satellite Navigation System

Džunda M., Čikovský S., Melniková L.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2023

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Vol. 17 No. 1

51--59

EN

This article presents an analysis of the Galileo E1 signal and its sensitivity to different types of interference. The research involved modeling white noise, chaotic impulse interference, and narrowband interference and the effects of these interfering signals on the E1 signal. Based on the available information, spectral structures were created for the mentioned types of interference, and subsequently, these interferences were integrated into the E1 signal in the Matlab program environment. A Kallman filter was used to filter out white noise from the additive mixture of the E1 signal and white noise. The research aimed to analyze the influence of white noise, chaotic impulse interference, and narrowband interference on the spectral power density of the E1 signal. The results of this work can be used in the design of robust receivers and signal structures capable of withstanding these types of interference.

3

Model of the random phase of signal E6 of the Galileo Satellite Navigation System

Džunda M., Čikovský S., Melniková L.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2023

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Vol. 17 No. 1

61--68

EN

The aim of this paper was to describe the random phase of the E6 signal, the Galileo satellite navigation system. Based on the available information, mathematical models of the measurement signals of the Galileo system were created. The frequencies of individual signals were determined and their structure visualized. A block diagram of the generation of individual signals is also shown. The main contribution of the paper is the creation of a random phase model of the E6 signal from the Galileo system. In accordance with the technical data of the Galileo system, the parameters of the random phase model were determined. The simulation results confirmed that the frequency instability of the continuous signal E6 n received from the satellite is a stationary process. The short-term stability of the frequency ranges from 10-13 to 10-14. The simulation results confirmed that the Doppler effect significantly affects the random phase of the E6 signal. This phenomenon can affect the results of navigation measurements using the E6 signal. The modeling and simulation results of the random phase of the E6 signal presented in the paper can be used to evaluate the immunity of the Galileo navigation system to interference.

4

Galileo HAS - first performance tests during its initial phase of operation

Cydejko Jarosław

Aviation and Security Issues

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2023

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No. 1

265--286

EN

Galileo High Accuracy Service (HAS) became available in January 2023. As declared, in its final operational capability, it should be able to provide to users the Precise Point Positioning (PPP) at horizontal accuracy level better than 20 cm in real-time with 95% confidence globally. At the moment Galileo HAS works in its initial phase of operation with some limitations regarding its availability, convergence time and accuracy but gives the chance to observe the performance of positioning tool at the accuracy level which was available before by using differential measurement only. Galileo HAS PPP, free of charge and based only on satellite signals delivered by nominal Galileo constellation is unique in its kind between various GNSS positioning modes. This article presents the results of first, preliminary tests on Galileo HAS performance conducted in July 2023 in Gdynia, Poland. The field tests were conducted with Galileo HAS capable receiver in static conditions and focused on the verification the declared service performance in the real positioning scenarios. Additionally, the Galileo HAS PPP performance was compared with the simultaneous performance of other GNSS positioning methods such as EGNOS, DGPS, dual frequency GPS+Galileo or dual frequency GPS and dual frequency Galileo. This first experiences with Galileo HAS positioning should show all potential users what performance level can be achieved with this new, unique in its kind GNSS positioning method at the present state of its implementation.

PL

Galileo High Accuracy Service (HAS) stał się dostępny w styczniu roku 2023. Tak jak zadeklarowano, po osiągnięciu finalnej fazy operacyjnej serwisu powinien on zapewnić użytkownikom globalną możliwość realizacji trybu Precise Point Positioning (PPP) z dokładnością wyznaczania pozycji na płaszczyźnie na poziomie lepszym niż 20 cm w czasie rzeczywistym i na 95% poziomie ufności. Aktualnie serwis Galileo HAS pracuje w początkowej fazie operacyjnej z pewnymi ograniczeniami dotyczącymi dostępności, czasu inicjalizacji oraz dokładności, ale pozwala już na uzyskiwanie dokładności wyznaczeń pozycyjnych na poziomie dokładności, który wcześniej był osiągalny tylko z wykorzystaniem metod różnicowych GNSS. Ponadto, serwis Galileo HAS PPP jest serwisem ogólnodostępnym i wykorzystującym tylko nominalne satelity nawigacyjne systemu Galileo, co czyni go unikalnym wśród aktualnie dostępnych metod GNSS. W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki pierwszych, wstępnych eksperymentów oceniających parametry operacyjne serwisu Galileo HAS przeprowadzonych w Gdyni w lipcu 2023 r. Testy serwisu przeprowadzono w warunkach statycznych z wykorzystaniem odbiornika realizującego wyznaczenia pozycyjne z zastosowaniem sygnału Galileo HAS. Pomiary miały na celu weryfikację deklarowanych parametrów dokładnościowych i dostępnościowych serwisu w rzeczywistych warunkach pomiarowych. Dodatkowo, obserwowane parametry serwisu Galileo HAS PPP zostały porównane z rejestrowanymi równolegle wynikami wyznaczeń pozycyjnych uzyskiwanych innymi metodami GNSS, takimi jak: EGNOS, DGPS, dwuczęstotliwościowe pomiary GPS+Galileo oraz dwuczęstotliwościowy GPS i dwuczęstotliwościowy Galileo. Przedstawione w artykule wyniki pierwszych doświadczeń z wykorzystaniem serwisu Galileo HAS pokazują wszystkim potencjalnym użytkownikom, czego mogą się spodziewać, wykorzystując w procesie wyznaczania pozycji tę nową i unikalną w swoim rodzaju metodę pozycyjną GNSS na jej aktualnym etapie wdrażania.

5

Evaluating Repeatability of RTK (GPS and Galileo/GPS) performance in the analysis of points located in areas with and without obstructions

Pırtı Atınç, Yucel Ali

Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics

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2022

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Vol. 113

11--20

EN

Galileo is Europe’s Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), which provides improved positioning and timing data with significant benefits for many European services and users. Galileo enables users to know their exact location with greater precision than other available systems. Access to the Galileo signal in the obstructed and unobstructed environment provides benefits and opportunities for work, thanks to the improved performance and accuracy. The use of a Galileo-enabled receiver increases the number of satellites in view significantly. When compared to the performance of single-constellation receivers, this significantly reduces the time required to obtain a position with centimetre-level accuracy. The results indicate the current Galileo constellation’s suitability for high-precision RTK applications, as well as improved availability, accuracy, reliability, and time-to-fix in the obstructed and unobstructed environments. The results of RTK GPS and RTK GPS/Galileo obtained at different times of the same day by using two reference points were compared. The results of this study illustrate that integrating RTK GPS system with Galileo is favorable for surveying applications (cm accuracy). This study shows that in surveying applications requiring centimetre accuracy, the RTK GPS/Galileo method can replace other survey methods (Total Station).

6

Rozwój koncepcji bezzałogowego holownika szybowców i dronów towarowych o napędzie elektrycznym

Jafernik Henryk, Muszyński Tomasz, Puzio Łukasz

Przegląd Komunikacyjny

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2022

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R. 77, nr 2/3

10--15

PL

W artykule przedstawiono kilka wybranych propozycji zastosowań BSP rozwijanych w Polsce. Przedstawiono opis projektu bezzałogowego holownika, nowego rozwiązania technicznego, zgłoszonego do urzędu patentowego w grudniu 2017 roku i rozwijanego do chwili obecnej. Proponowany system holu składa się z uniwersalnej stacji naziemnej kontroli lotów bezzałogowców, BSP-holownika i dodatkowego systemu sterowania umieszczonego na obiekcie holowanym. Proponowane rozwiązanie ma na celu zmniejszenie kosztów eksploatacji oraz poprawę osiągów statków powietrznych o napędzie elektrycznym.

EN

The article presents a few selected ideas for AUV usage which are being developed in Poland as well as the description of a project of an unmanned tug, a new technological solution which was submitted to the Patent Office in December 2017 and which has been being developed since then. The proposed towing system consists of a universal ground-based air traffic control station for unmanned flights, an AUV-tug and an additional control system placed on the towed object. The proposed solution aims at maintenance costs reduction and increase of performance of aircrafts with electric drive.

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Wkład systemu satelitarnego Galileo w rozwój geodezji

Mikoś Marcin, Nowak Adrian, Lackowski Maciej, Sośnica Krzysztof

Przegląd Geodezyjny

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2022

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R. 94, nr 3

21--24

PL

Wiele osób uważa, że system satelitarny Galileo będzie stanowił dodatek do istniejących systemów nawigacyjnych, takich jak amerykański GPS, czy rosyjski GLONASS. Galileo to jednak coś więcej – nie tylko z tego względu, że jest w pełni niezależny od wojska oraz budowany przez Unię Europejską i Europejską Agencję Kosmiczną, ale również dlatego, że posiada szereg nowych rozwiązań technologicznych skutkujących znaczną poprawą jakości pozycjonowania w pomiarach geodezyjnych i badaniach naukowych. Otwartość informacji dotyczących kalibracji anten nadawczych, mocy sygnału, jak i szczegółów konstrukcyjnych cywilnych satelitów Galileo, nie pozostają bez wpływu na jakość produktów pozycjonowania. Niniejszy artykuł podsumowuje najważniejsze osiągnięcia technologiczne systemu Galileo i ich znaczenie w realizacji układów odniesienia, pozycjonowaniu w czasie rzeczywistym, jak i badaniach naukowych parametrów kształtu i obrotu Ziemi oraz w kontekście różnic względem systemów GPS i GLONASS.

EN

Many people believe that the Galileo satellite system will be an addition to existing navigation systems, such as the American GPS and Russian GLONASS. However, Galileo is something more – not only because it is fully military-independent and is built by the European Union and the European Space Agency, but also because it has a number of new technological solutions resulting in a significant improvement in the quality of positioning, geodetic and surveying measurements, and scientific applications. The openness of information regarding the calibration of broadcast antennas, signal strength, as well as construction details of civil Galileo satellites, has an impact on the quality of positioning products. This article summarizes the most important technological achievements of the Galileo system and their importance in the implementation of reference systems, real-time positioning, as well as scientific studies of the shape and rotation of the Earth in the context of differences in relation to GPS and GLONASS systems.

8

Is the Galilean law of free fall an a priori truth?

Bigaj Tomasz

Postępy Fizyki

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2022

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T. 73, z. 1

21--23

PL

W niniejszym artykule omawiam znany argument a priori Galileusza przeciwko Arystotelesowskiemu prawu spadku swobodnego, przedstawiając go w uwspółcześnionej matematycznej postaci. Pokazuję, że argument ten nie dowodzi, iż tempo spadku swobodnego jest stałe dla wszystkich ciał, chyba że założymy, że jest ono funkcją jednego addytywnego parametru. Jednakże jest całkowicie możliwe, że tempo spadku będzie dane w postaci stosunku dwóch addytywnych parametrów. W takim wypadku argument upada.

EN

In this short note I discuss Galileo’s well-known a priori argument against Aristotle’s law of free fall, presented In a modern mathematical version. I show that the argument does not prove that the rate of fall should be constant for All bodies, unless we presuppose that the rate of fall is a function of one additive parameter. However, it is perfectly possibile that the rate of fall will be given in the form of the ratio of two additive parameters, in which case the argument does not go through.

9

Validation of the accuracy of geodetic automated measurement system based on GNSS platform for continuous monitoring of surface movements in post-mining areas

Sokoła-Szewioła Violetta, Siejka Zbigniew

Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics

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2021

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Vol. 112

47--57

EN

The problem involving the monitoring of surface ground movements in post-mining areas is particularly important during the period of mine closures. During or after flooding of a mine, mechanical properties of the rock mass may be impaired, and this may trigger subsidence, surface landslides, uplift, sinkholes or seismic activity. It is, therefore, important to examine and select updating methods and plans for long-term monitoring of post-mining areas to mitigate seismic hazards or surface deformation during and after mine closure. The research assumed the implementation of continuous monitoring of surface movements using the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) in the area of a closed hard coal mine ‘Kazimierz-Juliusz’, located in Poland. In order to ensure displacement measurement results with the accuracy of several millimetres, the accuracy of multi-GNSS observations carried out in real time as a combination of four global navigation systems, Global Positioning System (GPS), Globalnaja Navigacionnaja Sputnikova Sistema (GLONASS), Galileo and BeiDou, was determined. The article presents the results of empirical research conducted at four reference points. The test observations were made in variants comprising measurements based on: GPS, GPS and GLONASS systems, GPS, GLONASS and Galileo systems, GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and BeiDou systems. For each adopted solution, daily measurement sessions were performed using the RTK technique. The test results were subjected to accuracy analyses. Based on the obtained results, it was found that GNSS measurements should be carried out with the use of three navigation systems (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo), as an optimal solution for the needs of continuous geodetic monitoring in the area of the study.

10

Incorporating Inter‑System Bias in Single Point Positioning Based on GPS, Galileo and BeiDou System

Kwaśniak Dawid Łukasz, Cellmer Sławomir

Geomatics and Environmental Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 15, no. 1

97--109

EN

The increasing number of satellites provides new opportunities. In the experiment presented in this paper, the Single Point Positioning technique is test ed. Data from four different receivers were used in the tests. The GPS, Galileo and BeiDou System observations were collected over a three day long observational session. The computational process was carried out using self made software and point positions were obtained as the result. The goal of the test was to verify the impact of the Inter System Bias (ISB) on the final results. For this purpose, two cases of processing data were compared: with estimating ISB and without taking into account this parameter. In the paper the formulas of the mathematical models used are presented and, in both of the considered cases, a combination of GPS, BDS and Galileo was used. The results show that in the case where the ISB was taken into account, the accuracy and precision in the positioning was much better than in the approach where the ISB was not considered. Estimating the ISB allows for more precise positioning results to be obtained for car navigation or GIS purposes.

11

Technologia wykorzystania wysokoczęstotliwościowych obserwacji GPS i Galileo do detekcji wstrząsów sejsmicznych na obszarze Legnicko-Głogowskiego Okręgu Miedziowego

Jaśkiewicz-Proć Izabela, Kurpiński Grzegorz, Seta Mateusz, Stolecki Lech

Cuprum : czasopismo naukowo-techniczne górnictwa rud

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2020

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nr 4

5--16

PL

Zespół KGHM CUPRUM – Centrum Badawczo-Rozwojowe wykorzystuje innowacyjne technologie pomiarowe, mające na celu zastosowanie obserwacji GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) do monitoringu sejsmicznego. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono główne założenia opracowanej technologii opartej na wielosystemowej i wysokoczęstotliwościowej obserwacji GPS i Galileo, wykorzystane do charakterystyki drgań wywołanych wstrząsami sejsmicznymi, generowanymi eksploatacją górniczą. W ramach realizacji projektu „Galileo for Seismography System”, finansowanego przez Europejską Agencję Kosmiczną, zespół KGHM CUPRUM uruchomił automatyczny system, mający na celu monitorowanie drgań powierzchni terenu spowodowanych aktywnością sejsmiczną, towarzyszącą eksploatacji górniczej na obszarze Legnicko-Głogowskiego Okręgu Miedziowego. Opracowana technologia pomiarowa czerpie z najnowszych osiągnięć polskich naukowców w zakresie metodologii integracji obserwacji GNSS, pochodzących z wielu systemów satelitarnych, takich jak GPS (Global Positioning System) i Galileo. Przeprowadzone badania potwierdziły możliwość detekcji subcentymetrowych dynamicznych przemieszczeń terenu na podstawie zintegrowanego opracowania sygnałów z systemów GPS oraz Galileo.

EN

KGHM CUPRUM – the Research and Development Center, employs innovative measurement technologies aimed at applying GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) observations to analyze seismic events. The manuscript presents the main assumptions of the developed measurement technology based on high-rate, multi-constellation GNSS observations that characterize seismic tremors caused by underground mining. In the framework of the „Galileo for Seismography System” – a project financed by the European Space Agency, KGHM CUPRUM launched an automatic system to monitor in near-real time seismic events caused by mining activity in the copper mine in the Legnica-Glogow Copper District. The developed technology is based on the latest achievements of Polish scientists in the field of methodology for integration of multi-constellation GNSS observations from satellite systems such as GPS (Global Positioning System) and Galileo. The conducted research confirmed the possibility of detecting sub-centimeter dynamic displacements of the terrain on the basis of the processing of satellite signals from GPS and Galileo systems.

12

Behavior of broadcast ionospheric-delay models from GPS, BeiDou, and Galileo systems

Farah Ashraf

Artificial Satellites : Journal of Planetary Geodesy

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2020

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Vol. 55, No. 2

61--76

EN

The GNSS observations suffer from different types of errors that could affect the achieved positioning accuracy based on the receiver type used. Single-frequency receivers are widely used worldwide because of its low cost. The ionospheric delay considers the most challenging error for single-frequency GNSS observations. All satellite navigation systems, except GLONASS, are advising their users to correct for the ionospheric delay using a certain model. Those models' coefficients are sent to users in the system's navigation message. These models are different in their accuracy and behavior based on its foundation theory as well as the updating rate of their coefficients. The GPS uses Klobuchar model for mitigating the ionospheric delay. BeiDou system (BDS-2) adopts a slightly modified Klobuchar model that resembles GPS ICA (Ionospheric Correction Algorithm) with eight correction parameters but is formulated in a geographic coordinate system with different coefficients in origin and updating rate. Galileo system uses a different model (NeQuick model). This article investigates the behavior of the three models in correcting the ionospheric delay for three stations at different latitudes during 3 months of different states of ionospheric activity, comparing with International GNSS Service-Global Ionospheric Maps (IGS-GIMs). It is advised from this research's outputs to use the GPS model for mitigating the ionospheric delay in low-latitude regions during the state of low-and medium-activity ionosphere. It is advised to use the BeiDou model for mitigating the ionospheric delay in mid-latitude regions during different states of ionospheric activity. It is advised to use the Galileo model for mitigating the ionospheric delay in high-latitude regions during different states of ionospheric activity. Also, the Galileo model is recommended for mitigating the ionospheric delay for low-latitude regions during the state of high-activity ionosphere.

13

Research into the integrity of Galileo positioning at Dęblin aerodrome

Krasuski Kamil, Kobiałka Ewelina, Ćwiklak Janusz, Grzegorzewski Marek, Ciećko Adam

Journal of KONBiN

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2019

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Vol. 49, iss. 4

75--96

EN

The paper presents the results of the integrity of Galileo satellite positioning for the area of the military aerodrome in Dęblin. The integrity parameters of the Galileo satellite positioning have been determined for en-route navigation and the precision approach. To study the integrity parameter, Galileo satellite measurements from the GNSS reference station located in the area of the Aviation Department of the Polish Air Force University, located near EPDE military aerodrome in Dęblin, were used. In particular, in the research, to determine the integrity parameter, the mean errors of the determined coordinates of GNSS reference station in the BLh ellipsoid frame were used. The research test was carried out on 11 January,2019. The authors of the work studied the parameter of the integrity of Galileo positioning used HPL and VPL protection levels.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono rezultaty wiarygodności pozycjonowania satelitarnego Galileo dla terenu lotniska wojskowego w Dęblinie. Parametry wiarygodności pozycjonowania satelitarnego Galileo zostały określone dla nawigacji typu en-route oraz podejścia precyzyjnego PA. Do zbadania parametru wiarygodności wykorzystano pomiary satelitarne Galileo ze stacji referencyjnej GNSS umieszczonej na terenie Wydziału Lotnictwa Lotniczej Akademii Wojskowej, zlokalizowanej w pobliżu lotniska wojskowego EPDE w Dęblinie. W szczególności w badaniach do określenia parametru wiarygodności wykorzystano błędy średnie wyznaczonych współrzędnych stacji referencyjnej GNSS w układzie elipsoidalnym BLh. Test badawczy został przeprowadzony w dniu 11.01.2019 r. Autorzy prac do badania parametru wiarygodności pozycjonowania Galileo wykorzystali poziomy bezpieczeństwa HPL oraz VPL.

14

Research on GNSS positioning and applications in Poland in 2015–2018

Wielgosz Paweł, Hadaś Tomasz, Kłos Anna, Paziewski Jacek

Geodesy and Cartography

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2019

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Vol. 68, no. 1

87--119

EN

This review paper presents research results on geodetic positioning and applications carried out in Poland, and related to the activities of the International Association of Geodesy (IAG) Commission 4 “Positioning and Applications” and its working groups. It also constitutes the chapter 4 of the national report of Poland for the International Union of Geodesy and Geodynamics (IUGG) covering the period of 2015-2018. The paper presents selected research, reviewed and summarized here, that were carried out at leading Polish research institutions, and is concerned with the precise multi-GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) satellite positioning and also GNSS-based ionosphere and troposphere modelling and studies. The research, primarily carried out within working groups of the IAG Commission 4, resulted in important advancements that were published in leading scientific journals. During the review period, Polish research groups carried out studies on multi-GNSS functional positioning models for both relative and absolute solutions, stochastic positioning models, new carrier phase integer ambiguity resolution methods, inter system bias calibration, high-rate GNSS applications, monitoring terrestrial reference frames with GNSS, assessment of the real-time precise satellite orbits and clocks, advances in troposphere and ionosphere GNSS remote sensing methods and models, and also their applications to weather, space weather and climate studies.

15

EDAS (Egnos Data Access Service) differential GNSS corrections: a reliable free-of-charge alternative for precision farming in Europe

Vázquez J., Lacarra E., Morán J., Sánchez M. A., González A., Bruzual J., Rioja J.

Annual of Navigation

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2019

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No. 26

46--58

EN

EDAS (EGNOS Data Access Service) is the EGNOS internet broadcast service, which provides free of charge access to the data collected and generated by the EGNOS infrastructure. EDAS disseminates over the Internet, both in real time and via an FTP archive, the raw data of the GPS, GLONASS (no commitment on GLONASS data is provided (1)) and EGNOS GEO satellites collected by the receivers located at the EGNOS reference stations, which are mainly distributed over Europe and North Africa. The EDAS services offer several types of GNSS data in various protocols and formats, such as DGNSS corrections. This paper reports on the results of some in-field tests conducted by ESSP and Topcon Agriculture to confirm the suitability of EDAS DGNSS corrections for precision farming in Europe. The European Commission (EC) is the owner of EGNOS system (including EDAS) and has delegated the exploitation of EGNOS to the European GNSS Agency (GSA). EDAS service provision is performed by ESSP, as EGNOS Services Provider, under contract with the GSA, the EGNOS program manager. In the ENC 2018 article “EDAS (EGNOS Data Access Service): Differential GPS corrections performance test with state-of-the-art precision agriculture system”, ESSP and Topcon Agriculture presented the results of the first in-field test conducted in a dynamic and real-life environment in the summer of 2017. The test results indicated that the EDAS DGNSS corrections could enable a reliable pass-to-pass accuracy performance for a wide range of precision agriculture applications and become an attractive solution for cereal farms, when the farm is located in the vicinity of an EGNOS reference station. In particular, Topcon Agriculture acknowledged that the observed performance was sufficient to support the following precision agriculture applications: spraying and spreading of any crop type, tilling and harvesting of cereal. Then, ESSP and Topcon Agriculture engaged in additional testing activities to further characterise the EDAS DGPS performance in different scenarios (i.e. at various European locations and with a variety of distances between the designated farm and the target EGNOS reference station). In each test, multiple runs with the rover tractors have been performed over the reference patterns predefined in the Topcon guidance systems. Data recorded during the tests has been analysed in detail, looking at the key performance indicators (e.g. cross track error and pass-to-pass performance) that characterize the EDAS DGPS performance for precision agriculture applications. Different techniques for the computation of the pass-to-pass accuracy performance have been used, including a procedure to measure live in the field and a post-processing alternative. The diversity of scenarios available allows drawing conclusions on the applicability of EDAS DGPS corrections (in terms of maximum distance from the target EGNOS station) for precision agriculture and also understanding the impact of operationally relevant aspects such as the quality of the mobile internet coverage (highly variable across Europe). The EDAS system and its architecture, the main types of data disseminated through EDAS services and the online information available to the EDAS users are introduced in this paper. In particular, the EDAS Ntrip service is described in detail, since it provides the differential corrections to the GPS and GLONASS satellites at the EGNOS reference stations in RTCM format, which are the basis for the present study. The article also reports on the results of the latest tests, which have been performed using Topcon receivers, vehicles and auto-steering systems. In all cases, two different Topcon guidance systems on board tractors were running simultaneously to assess the EDAS DGPS positioning performance with respect to a the reference provided by a top-performing RTK-based Topcon solution. The objective of this paper is to draw conclusions on the use of EDAS DGPS corrections as a reliable free-of-charge alternative for precision farming in Europe (especially for cereal farms), based on the available performance results from the testing campaign and the feedback from the involved precision agriculture experts.

16

Dynamic probability fields for risk assessment and guidance solutions

Williams Edwin, Jin Yan

Annual of Navigation

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2019

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No. 26

33--45

EN

Standard Guidance, Navigation, and Control (GN&C) systems take state data from a navigation system and create a trajectory that minimizes some a-priori determined cost function. These cost functions are typically time, money, weight, or any general physically realizable quantity. Previous work has been done to show the effectiveness of using risk as the sole objective function. However, this previous work used Poisson distributions and historical estimates to achieve this goal. In this paper we present the situation-risk assessment (SRA) method contained within the intelligent situation assessment and collision avoidance (iSC) platform. The SRA method uses data clustering, and pattern recognition to create a historically based estimate of guidance probabilities. These are then used in data driven, dynamic models to create the future probability fields of the situation. This probability, along with the other agent’s goals and objectives, are then used to create a minimum risk guidance solution in the nautical environment.

17

AIOSAT - Autonomous Indoor & Outdoor Safety Tracking System

Adin Iñigo, Zabalegui Paul, Perez Alejandro, Arrizabalaga Jaione, Goya Jon, Mendizabal Jaizki

Annual of Navigation

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2019

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No. 26

21--32

EN

Even though satellite-based positioning increases rescue workers’ safety and efficiency, signal availability, reliability, and accuracy are often poor during fire operations, due to terrain formation, natural and structural obstacles or even the conditions of the operation. In central Europe, the stakeholders report a strong necessity to complement the location for mixed indoor-outdoor and GNSS blocked scenarios. As such, location information often needs to be augmented. For that, European Global Navigation Satellite System Galileo could help by improving the availability of the satellites with different features. Moreover, a multi-sensored collaborative system could also take advantage of the rescue personnel who are already involved in firefighting and complement the input data for positioning. The Autonomous Indoor & Outdoor Safety Tracking System (AIOSAT) is a multinational project founded through the Horizon 2020 program, with seven partners from Spain, Netherlands and Belgium. It is reaching the first year of progress (out of 3) and the overarching objective of AIOSAT system is to advance beyond the state of the art in tracking rescue workers by creating a high availability and high integrity team positioning and tracking system. On the system level approach, this goal is achieved by fusing the GNSS, EDAS/EGNOS, pedestrian dead reckoning and ultra-wide band ranging information, possibly augmented with map data. The system should be able to work both inside buildings and rural areas, which are the test cases defined by the final users involved in the consortium and the advisory board panel of the project.

18

Weryfikacja dostępności sygnału Galileo w wybranych środowiskach propagacyjnych w Polsce

Bronk K., Niski R., Wereszko K.

Przegląd Telekomunikacyjny + Wiadomości Telekomunikacyjne

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2017

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nr 6

283--286, CD

PL

W referacie zaprezentowano wyniki przeprowadzonej w 2016 r. weryfikacji dostępności sygnału Galileo w oparciu o usługę Galileo Open Service na terenie Polski. Autorzy przeprowadzili wielowymiarową analizę porównawczą dostępności i jakości odbieranych sygnałów Galileo w różnych środowiskach propagacyjnych oraz pomiędzy systemem Galileo a innymi systemami GNSS (GPS, GLONASS).

EN

The article presents the results of the verification of the Galileo signal availability in Poland - based on the Galileo Open Service - which was conducted in 2016. The authors performed a multidimensional comparative analysis of the availability and quality of the received Galileo signals in different propagation environments and between the Galileo and other GNSS systems (GPS, GLONASS).

19

Galileo zaczyna się liczyć

Piegat T., Bas K.

Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny

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2017

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nr 3

22--24

20

Evaluation of Quad-constellation GNSS Precise Point Positioning in Egypt

El Manaily Emad, Rabbou Mahmoud Abd, El-Shazly Adel, Baraka Moustafa

Artificial Satellites : Journal of Planetary Geodesy

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2017

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Vol. 52, No. 1

9--18

EN

Commonly, relative GPS positioning technique is used in Egypt for precise positioning applications. However, the requirement of a reference station is usually problematic for some applications as it limits the operational range of the system and increases the system cost and complexity On the other hand; the single point positioning is traditionally used for low accuracy applications such as land vehicle navigation with positioning accuracy up to 10 meters in some scenarios which caused navigation problems especially in downtown areas. Recently, high positioning accuracy can be obtained through Precise Point Positioning (PPP) technique in which only once GNSS receiver is used. However, the major drawback of PPP is the long convergence time to reach to the surveying grade accuracy compared to the existing relative techniques. Moreover, the PPP accuracy is significantly degraded due to shortage in satellite availability in urban areas. To overcome these limitations, the quad constellation GNSS systems namely; GPS.GLONASS, Galileo and BeiDou can be combined to increase the satellite availability and enhance the satellite geometry which in turn reduces the convergence time. In Egypt, at the moment, the signals of both Galileo and BeiDou could be logged with limited number of satellites up to four and six satellites for both Systems respectively. In this paper, we investigated the performance of the Quad-GNSS positioning in both dual- and single-frequency ionosphere free PPP modes for both high accurate and low cost navigation application, respectively. The performance of the developed PPP models will be investigated through GNSS data sets collected at three Egyptian cities namely, Cairo, Alexandria and Aswan.