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Performance Evaluation of routing algorithms used in largescale WSN: A Step Towards A Smart City

Lavric A., Popa V.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

2015

R. 91, nr 8

96--100

W artykule zaprezentowano algorytm routingu w sieci WSN wykorzystywanej jako element koncepcji Smart City. Analizowano algorytmy Flooding, Probabilistic Broadcast oraz Convergecast. Do analizy wykorzystano platformę symulacyjną Omnet++ 4.3 oraz MiXiM. Stwierdzono że najlepsze właściwości ma algorytm Flooding. Z punktu widzenia liczby otrzymywanych pakietów najlepszą przepustowość miał algorytm Convergecast.

This paper presents the performance evaluation of the routing algorithms found in WSN networks that can be used as part of the Smart City concept, in order to identify the best candidate. The first part of the paper consists in a brief summary of the main routing techniques and mechanisms used in large scale WSN networks, while the second part of the paper will comprise an analysis of the Flooding, Probabilistic Broadcast and Convergecast algorithms. The performance evaluation consisted in a series of simulations, by means of the Omnet++ 4.3 simulation framework and the MiXiM framework. The obtained results show that, in terms of the latency parameters, the highest performance level is ensured by the Flooding routing mechanism, followed by the Convergecast and the Probabilistic Broadcast algorithms. In terms of the number of received packets, the highest throughput is provided by the Convergecast routing algorithm.

Impact of climate changes on the Santos Harbor, São Paulo State (Brazil)

Alfredini P., Arasaki E., Pezzoli A., Fournier J.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

2013

Vol. 7, no. 4

609--617

Santos Harbor Area (SHA) in Sao Paulo Coastline (Brazil) is the most important marine cargo transfer terminal in the Southern Hemisphere. A long term relative tidal level variability assessment shows a consistent response to relative sea level rise. A wave data base Wave Watch III was compared with a long term wave data-base generated by the ERA40-ECMWF (2003), both local validated. The current bed level of SHA Outer Channel is -15.00 m (Chart Datum or, in abbreviation, CD), maintained by dredging. According to the cargo throughput forecast, in 2025, the Access Channel will have to be deepened to level of -17.00 m. The feasibility of that choice is discussed from a technical, economical and conceptual navigation point of view in that context. A data set found from a scale model of the whole area of Santos Bay, Estuary and nearby beaches, showed the impact of maritime climate changes upon the coastal area. In the previous researches developed by the authors, it was demonstrated that the wave climate, the tides and tidal currents affect harbor and coastal structures maintenance, beaches stability, tidal inlet, sediment transport, saline intrusion and wetlands. Considering the increasing of the sea hazards and the high values of the infrastructures in that coastline, it is necessary to mitigate the risks. Hence, based on the results obtained by the authors, are highlighted guidelines strategies suggested for Access Channels dimensions, wharves free-board, jetties dimensions, dredging rates, rigid and flexible littoral defenses and land protection against flooding (including wetlands).