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Effects of Climate Warming on Vegetative Phenology of the Common Beech Fagus sylvatica in a Submontane Forest of the Western Carpathians : Two-Decade Analysis

Schieber B., Kubov M., Janík R.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 3

339--351

EN

The paper examines the results of phenological research on common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) during a period of 21 years (1995-2015) in the submontane beech forest of central Slovakia (Inner Western Carpathians). We focused on bud-burst, leaf unfolding and leaf colouring. Temporal analysis indicated that the mean monthly air temperature increased, especially from April to August. An extraordinary increase of air temperature in March and April, mostly in the last decade, was detected. The precipitation from May to August varied considerably, but in the range of the long-term mean value. During the study period, the mean/earliest/latest onset of the bud-burst of common beech was observed on the 110th/101st/120th day of the year (DOY), respectively. As for leaf unfolding 10% and 50% (LU 10 and LU 50), we found the mean/earliest/latest onset on the 114th/103rd/122nd DOY and on the 118th/108th/124th DOY, respectively. The mean/earliest/latest onset of leaf colouring 10% (LC 10) and 50% (LC 50) started on the 272nd/262nd/288th DOY and on 286th/276th/298th, respectively. A medium degree of negative correlation (r = -0.68, P < 0.05) was found between air temperature and spring plant development (LU 50). In contrast, for both the cumulative temperature and precipitation, we found very low correlation with autumnal leaf phenology (r ≤ 0.3, P > 0.05). The vegetation period of the examined tree species lasted for 168 days on average (min/max were 155/183 days). Trend analysis revealed an earlier onset of spring phenophases by 7 days/2 decades. Conversely, a delay of autumnal phenophases by 9 days was recorded, so the vegetation period of beech extended by more than two weeks during the study period.

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Effect of Tree Layer and Microsite on the Variability of Natural Regeneration in Autochthonous Beech Forests

Vacek Z., Vacek S., Podrázský V., Bílek L., Štefančík I., Moser W. K., Bulušek D., Král J., Remeš J., Králíček I.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2015

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Vol. 63, nr 2

233--246

EN

The present study describes natural regeneration on five permanent research plots (PRP) in juvenile growth and development phases (regrowth and advanced growth) in autochthonous beech forests in Broumovské stěny National Nature Reserve located in the Protected Landscape area in the northeast part of Czech Republic. The stands of herb-rich beech forests were studied in the optimum to break-up stage. Natural regeneration was not evenly spaced but rather was clustered. Mean regeneration density ranged from 1,472 to 44,888 recruits per ha. European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) made up 78.5–98.0% of all regeneration. Sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) was also relatively abundant. Regeneration dominance and abundance responded to the mature stand canopy, soil skeleton, microrelief, ground vegetation cover, and surface characteristics. The results suggest a relationship between recruit height and microrelief in 4 out of 5 PRPs. We found statistically significant differences in height of natural regeneration (F(2,18843) = 191.8, P <0.001) on mounds (74.0 cm), on slopes (119.5 cm) and on pits (121.0 cm) due to high soil skeleton content on mounds with numerous rock outputs, minimum amount of fine earth and lower water retention, both necessary for recruit growth. In addition to the character of microrelief, the growth of natural regeneration was negatively influenced by mature stand density and canopy indicators.

3

Identifying beech round wood quality - distribution of beech timber qualities and influencing defects

Karaszewski Z., Bembenek M., Mederski P. S., Szczepańska-Alvarez A., Byczkowski R., Kozłowska A., Michnowicz K., Przytuła W., Giefing D. F.

Drewno : prace naukowe, doniesienia, komunikaty

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2013

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vol. 56, nr 189

39--54

EN

The classification of round wood depends on the defects and other morphological features of a tree trunk. Various tree species growing on different forest sites and in different conditions eventually present a wood quality influenced by said factors. The objective of this paper was to find out: 1) the distribution of round wood quality classes of beech in three different site conditions and 2) the frequency of the defects influencing timber grading. The research was carried out on 15 different sample plots of three site quality classes, on which 1389 beech logs were classified according to the existing grading scheme. The most common timber quality (by volume) was WC0 and then in decreasing order: WD, WB0 and WA0, in proportions of: 15:10:4:1. This order was the same for the assortments obtained from the trees in all the analysed site quality classes. The most frequent defects influencing wood quality were knots, among which sound knots were in the majority. The proportion of the appearance of knots was 7:3:2 for sound knots, unsound and dead knots, as well as covered knots, respectively. Sweep, red heart and scars were of a similar frequency to sound knots, approx. 20%. Double pith, shakes, rot, top diameter and spiral grain were of a minor influence on WQCs and together amounted to approx. 10% of the frequency among other defects.

PL

Występowanie wad o zróżnicowanym podłożu szczególnie zależy od warunków wzrostu i rozwoju drzewa. Celem pracy było rozpoznanie udziału klas jakości tartacznego drewna bukowego z trzech klas bonitacji oraz częstotliwości występowania wad. Sklasyfikowano 1389 kłód bukowych (1029,32 m3) na 15 powierzchniach badawczych bazując na obowiązujących regulacjach w Lasach Państwowych. Najczęściej występującą klasą jakości drewna jest WC0, a następnie WD, WB0 i WA0 w proporcjach 15:10:4:1. Bardzo podobny rozkład klas miał miejsce we wszystkich analizowanych klasach bonitacji Sęki, a wśród nich sęki zdrowe były najczęściej występującą wadą drewna powodującą obniżenie klasy jakości. Udział sęków zdrowych do nadpsutych i zepsutych oraz guzów wyniósł 7:3:2. Krzywizna, fałszywa twardziel oraz zabitki wystąpiły na podobnym poziomie częstości, ok. 20%. Wielordzenność, pęknięcia, zgnilizna, zbyt mała średnica w cieńszym końcu oraz skręt włókien mają mniejszy wpływ na klasyfikację tartacznego drewna bukowego stanowiąc razem ok. 10% wszystkich stwierdzonych wad obniżających klasę jakości drewna. Stwierdzono zróżnicowany wpływ klas bonitacji na występowanie krzywizn oraz zabitek. Rozmiar krzywizn w I klasie bonitacji był statystycznie większy, niż w pozostałych klasach. W przypadku zabitek stwierdzono istotnie częstsze występowanie tej wady w III klasie bonitacji.

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Biomonitoring of Heavy Metals in the Bieszczady National Park Using Soil and Fagus sylvatica L Leaves

Kandziora M., Ciepał R., Nadgórska-Socha A.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2011

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Vol. 18, nr 5-6

709-715

EN

The investigation of zinc, cadmium, lead and copper content was carried out in the soil (from the level 0–10 cm) and in the leaves of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in the Bieszczady National Park. Samples of soil and plants material were collected in 2007 from 63 selected sites. The level of Zn, Cd and Cu in the plants leaves and soil was below the values considered as toxic levels for the protected area. The lowest and the average (4,4 ěg/g d.m.) concentrations of copper in the leaves of Fagus sylvatica L. were definitely lower than the normal level, which indicated a deficiency of that element. In the analyzed soil samples it was noted that the concentration of Pb (mean 31 ěg/g d.m.) which as higher than the normal level for the protected area.

PL

Przeprowadzono badania dotyczące zawartości metali ciężkich (Zn, Cd, Cu i Pb) w liściach Fagus sylvatica L. i w wierzchniej (0.10 cm) warstwie gleby na terenie Bieszczadzkiego Parku Narodowego. Probki gleby oraz materia3 roślinny zosta3 zebrany w sezonie wegetacyjnym 2007 z 63 wyznaczonych wcześniej stanowisk. Zawartości Zn, Cd i Cu w liściach i glebie nie przekracza3y dopuszczalnych norm dla terenow niezanieczyszczonych. Najni.sze i średnie (4,4 �Ęg/g s.m.) ste.enie miedzi w liściach Fagus sylvatica L. jest zdecydowanie ni.sze ni. ste.enie określane jako .normalne�h, co świadczy o niedoborze tego pierwiastka. Stwierdzono przekroczenie (śr. 31 �Ęg/g s.m.) dopuszczalnego poziomu Pb dla terenow chronionych analizowanych probkach gleby.

5

Small-scale variation of microbial activities in a forest soil under a beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) stand

Gömöryová E.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2004

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Vol. 52, nr 3

311-321

EN

To evaluate the small-scale (100 m^2) spatial variability of selected soil biological properties in a beech stand and the influence of soil properties on soil microbial activity, we collected soil samples on April 2, July 2 and October 30 (2002) from three (9 x 10 m) plots, distributed on a 1x1 m grid, from the top 10 cm of the mineral soil (A horizon). In soil samples, soil respiration and catalase activity were measured. Within-plot coefficients of variation of catalase activity varied from 19 to 23%, those of soil respiration rate ranged from 37 to 54%. Catalase activity exhibited highly significant correlations with soil reaction, whereas soil respiration rate correlated with moisture and humus content. Soil respiration rates appear to be randomly distributed over the sampling area. On the other hand, catalase activity exhibits a rather distinct patchy structure. No relationships between the position of trees and soil respiration rates were found. For catalase activities, the highest values were observed on transsections of perimeters of dominant-tree crowns.

6

Adaptation of European beech (Fagus silvatica L.) to different ecological conditions : leaf size variation

Barna M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2004

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Vol. 52, nr 1

35-45

EN

This paper focuses on the issue related to the response of beech leaves to the opening of stand canopy resulting from a shelterwood cut of various intensity. Four research plots each with a different stand density provided different conditions for the development of foliage. The research was conducted on dominant, codominant and subdominant sample trees representing the mean stand diameter of all plots. The data were compared for the upper, middle and lower layer of tree crowns (each equals to one third of crown length). As for dominant and codominant trees, mean leaf area showed a tendency to increase towards the lower crown layer. As for subdominant trees, relation between the location of leaves in the crown and leaf area was similar to dominant and codominant trees but this trend was observed only on the plot most open. Only in the case of codominant trees the leaf area was decreasing with a decreasing stand density. Greater stand opening results in a proportionally smaller leaf area. Growing conditions for subdominant tree leaves were completely different when compared to conditions for upper tree classes. On the plots with harvest cutting we observed that a decreasing stand density resulted in a general increase of leaf size. The only exception to the rule was the control plot where the parameters recorded were higher and inconsistent with the above described trend.